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5.Hunting … instrumental to human evolution: R. Ardrey (1976).The Hunting Hypothesis: A Personal Conclusion Concerning the Evolutionary Nature of Man. New York: Atheneum.
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1701563012
6.Robin Dunbar, social brain hypothesis: R. I. Dunbar (1992). “Neocortex Size as a Constraint on Group Size in Primates.”Journal of Human Evolution22(6): 469–493.
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7.reasoning about intentionality
:For a penetrating analysis of what this kind of reasoning requires, see B. F. Malle and J. Knobe (1997). “The Folk Concept of Intentionality.”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology33(2): 101–121.
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8.Tomasello, shared intentionality: This and the other work on shared intentionality reviewed here are discussed in M. Tomasello and M. Carpenter (2007). “Shared Intentionality.”Developmental Science10(1): 121–125.
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9.Tomasello quote: Ibid., p. 123
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10.not … getting smarter
:Though they are doing better and better on intelligence tests. J. R. Flynn (2007).What Is Intelligence? Beyond the Flynn Effect. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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11.couples divide cognitive labor: D. M. Wegner (1987). “Transactive Memory: A Contemporary Analysis of the Group Mind.” In ed. B. Mullen and George Goethals,Theories of Group Behavior.New York: Springer, 185–208.
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12.more credit than they deserve: Reviewed in M. R. Leary and D. R. Forsyth (1987). “Attributions of Responsibility for Collective Endeavors.” In ed. C. Hendrick,Review of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 8. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 167–188.
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13.household chores: M. Ross and F. Sicoly (1979). “Egocentric Biases in Availability and Attribution.”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology37(3): 322–336.
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14.glowing rocks study
:Sloman and Rabb. Some of you might be worried that these results just reflect either task demands or judgments about the understandability of the phenomena. Sloman and Rabb controlled for both of these types of alternative explanations.
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15.placeholders: There is a view in philosophy that claims this is true of certain aspects of language. This “meaning ain’t in the head” view is called “essentialism” and was articulated with great insight by Hilary Putnam and a related view by Saul Kripke.
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16.compatibility of communal knowledge
:Frank Keil has done a lot of work on this topic — for example, F. C. Keil and J. Kominsky (2013). “Missing Links in Middle School: Developing Use of Disciplinary Relatedness in Evaluating Internet Search Results.”PloS ONE8(6), e67777.
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17.George Bernard Shaw quote: gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/ 0200811h.html.
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18.curse of knowledge: C. Camerer, G. Loewenstein, and M. Weber (1989). “The Curse of Knowledge in Economic Settings: An Experimental Analysis.”Journal of Political Economy97(5): 1232–1254.
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19.shocked that others don’t recognize the tune: C. Heath and D. Heath (2007).Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die. New York: Random House, 2007.
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20.hindsight bias: B. Fischhoff and R. Beyth (1975). “ ‘I Knew It Would Happen’: Remembered Probabilities of Once-Future Things.”Organizational Behavior and Human Performance13(1): 1–16.
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21.few people today readAlice in Wonderland: A fact bemoaned by Anthony Lane in “Go Ask Alice,”The New Yorker, June 8 and 15, 2015.
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第七章 与技术共事
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1.commuting a little less: www.governing.com/topics/transportation- infrastructure /how-america-stopped-commuting.html.
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2.attendance at movie theaters: www.slashfilm.com/box-office-attendance-hits-lowest-level-five-years.
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3.Vernor Vinge: V. Vinge (1993). “The Coming Technological Singularity.”Whole Earth Review, Winter.
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4.Ray Kurzweil: R. Kurzweil (2005).The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology.New York: Penguin Books.
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5.Nick Bostrom: N. Bostrom (2014).Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
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6.Ian Tattersall: As told to Dan Falk in the online magazineeon: http://eon.co/magazine/science/was-human-evolution-inevitable-or-a-matter-of-luck.
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7.extensions of our bodies: A. Clark (2004).Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence.New York: Oxford University Press; J. H. Siegle and W. H. Warren (2010). “Distal Attribution and Distance Perception in Sensory Substitution.”Perception39(2): 208–223; R. Volcic, C. Fantoni, C. Caudek, J. A. Assad, and F. Domini (2013). “Visuomotor Adaptation Changes Stereoscopic Depth Perception and Tactile Discrimination.”The Journal of Neuroscience33(43): 17081–17088.
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