打字猴:1.70172315e+09
1701723150
1701723151 2Earnest L. Perry,“Coverage of Crime.”In W. David Sloan and Lisa Mullikin Parcell,eds.,American Journalism:History,Principles,Practices. Jefferson,NC:McFarland & Co.,2002,p. 193.
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1701723153 3U. S. Riot Commission Report,Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorder. New York:Bantam,1968,p. 382.
1701723154
1701723155 4Jeffrey C. Alexander,“On the Social Construction of Moral Universals:The Holocaust from War Crime to Trauma Drama.”In Jeffery C. Alexander,et al.,Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity. Berkeley,C.A.:University of California Press,2004,p. 258.
1701723156
1701723157 5Alan Mintz,Popular Culture and the Shaping of Holocaust Memory in America.pp. 179185.
1701723158
1701723159 6J. M. Greene and S. Kumar, “Editors’Introduction.”In J. M. Greene and S. Kumar,eds.,Witness:Voices from the Holocaust. New York:Free Press. 2000,p. xxiv.
1701723160
1701723161 7Geoffrey H. Hartman. The Longest Shadow:In the Aftermath of the Holocaust. Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1996,pp. 153154.
1701723162
1701723163 8Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck,eds.,The Holocaust and History:The Known,the Unknown,the Disputed,and the Reexamined. Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1998,p. ix.
1701723164
1701723165 9Jeffrey C. Alexander,“On the Social Construction of Moral Universals,”p. 234.
1701723166
1701723167 10Elie Wiesel,“Trivializing the Holocaust.”New York Times,April 16,2∶1,p. 1.
1701723168
1701723169 11Quoted by Geoffrey H. Hartman,The Longest Shadow,p. 84.
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1701723171 12这样的批评在阿多诺(Theodor Adorno)那里有一句几乎成为名言警句的总结:“奥斯维辛以后不再有诗。”阿多诺的说法在德国哲学家中是有代表性的。“不再有诗”指的是“不可言说”。把纳粹的极恶视为超乎语言,甚至超乎人的思维极限,是不少哲学家的共同想法。德国学者米切利希(Alexander Mitscherlich)说,面对大屠杀,人甚至不再知道如何哀悼(“inability to morn”),德国哲学家吕伯(Hermann Lubbe)说,在这样的情况下,人只能保持沉默的交流(“communicative silence”)。哲学家们感觉到的是一种极度惊诧之后的“休克”状态。引自Bernhard Giesen,“The Trauma Perpetrators:The ‘Holocaust’as the Traumatic Reference of German National Identity.”In Jeffery C. Alexander,et al.,Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity,p. 116。
1701723172
1701723173 但是,公共社会对任何问题,在任何情况下都需要交流。对公共社会来说,“休克”是一种奢侈。过度精致的思想反而会令一般公众厌倦。对于公众来说,说灾难故事,当然包括虚构的故事,是非常必要的。过分精致的思想甚至可能成为产生道德怀疑论、极端相对主义和犬儒主义的温床。把“大屠杀”脱离专制、极权、仇恨和暴力意识形态,抽象为永恒“人性之恶”,就会有这样的危险。人性的软弱固然没错,但人性在某种政治环境中比在别的政治环境中更难有抵抗能力。把像大屠杀这样的“制度之恶”神秘化,仅仅报以虔诚的沉默,有可能导致大恶问题从公共论坛上的“合理消失”。
1701723174
1701723175 以想象的作品来再现不能想象的邪恶和罪恶行为,会不会因此轻辱死者,损害到大灾难的庄严和肃穆呢?历史学家、艺术家、思想家从一开始就提出了这个问题。维赛尔和斯坦勒(George Steiner)都曾说过,沉默是对大屠杀受难者最好的尊重。但是,他们的写作生涯又都证实了一种不能不说的责任感。不言说就是在帮助和加速对苦难者的遗忘。在沉默和言说间挣扎,这本身就是一种多么需要言说的特殊灵魂感受。因为这种感受本身就在告诉感受者,他们面对的人间苦难有多么巨大。对这种内在矛盾的分析,参见Jack Kolbert,The Worlds of Elie Wiesel:An Overview of His Career and His Major Themes. London:Associated University Press,2001,pp. 6465,160。
1701723176
1701723177 13Quoted in Alan Mintz,Popular Culture and the Shaping of Holocaust Memory in America,p. 25.
1701723178
1701723179 我也会是艾希曼吗?电醒世界的社会心理实验
1701723180
1701723181 1Stanley Milgram,Letter to Alan Elms,September 25,1973. Quoted by Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shock the World:The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram. New York:Basic Books,2004,p. 263.
1701723182
1701723183 2Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shock the World,p. xviii.
1701723184
1701723185 3Ibid.
1701723186
1701723187 4Stanley Milgram,“Behavioral Study of Obedience.”Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 69(1963):371378,p. 371.
1701723188
1701723189 5“让座实验”的变化形式及其结果,参见Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shock the World,pp. 174177。
1701723190
1701723191 6实验介绍可参见《米尔格伦实验(权力服从研究)》(http://www.mediaz.cn/n218c12.aspx,上网时间2007年7月31日),我在文字上根据纪录片《服从》作了稍许改动。
1701723192
1701723193 7Arthur Miller,The Obedience Experiments:A Case Study of Controversy in Social Science. New York:Praeger,1986,p. 22.
1701723194
1701723195 8Stanley Milgram,Obedience to Authority:An Experimental View. New York:Harper and Row,1974,p. 31.
1701723196
1701723197 9Dannie Abse,The Dogs of Pavlov. London:Valentine,Mitchell & Co.,1973.
1701723198
1701723199 10Stanley Milgram,Letter to Alan Elms,September 25,1973. Quoted by Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shock the World:The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram. New York:Basic Books,2004,p. 263.
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