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4Raul Hilberg,The Destruction of the European Jews. Chicago:Ivan R Dee,1960. Hannah Arendt,Eichmann in Jerusalem:A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York:The Viking Press,1963.
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5Daniel Goldhagen,Hitler’s Willing Executioners,p. 371.
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6Ibid.,p. 403.
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7Christopher R. Browning. Ordinary Men:Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York:HarperCollins,1992.
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8Robert S. Wistrich,“Helping Hitler.”Commentary 102:1(1996):2732,p. 31.戈德哈根的说法为Wistrich所引。
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9John Weiss,Ideology of Death:Why the Holocaust Happened in Germany. Chicago:Ivan R Dee,1995.
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10奥地利在纳粹屠犹恶行中起了特别的作用。Robert S. Wistrich的研究发现,按人口比例,参加纳粹党的奥地利人是德国人的两倍。1938年Anschluss(奥地利并入德国)后,奥地利人口占大德国的8%,但却占党卫军人数的14%,占死亡集中营刽子手人员的40%,占艾希曼部下的70%。推动“最终解决方案”的许多主要人员都曾经是奥地利人,其中包括希特勒、艾希曼、恩斯特·卡尔滕布鲁纳(Ernst Kaltenbrunner Reich Main区警察首脑)、奥迪路·格洛博奇尼克(Odilo Globocnik,波兰死亡集中营的负责人)等。
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11James E. Waller,“Perpetrators of the Holocaust:Divided and Unitary Self:Conceptions of Evildoing.”Holocaust and Genocide Studies 10:1(1996):1133,p. 12.
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12Robert S. Wistrich,“Helping Hitler,”p. 31. 德国历史学家莫姆森也同样指出,反犹主义士纳粹屠杀犹太人的“必要条件”,但不是“充分条件”。他写道:“由于戈德哈根强调的是(普通德国人)在杀害中的暴力、虐待狂和快乐,他把读者的注意力从纳粹(对犹太人)迫害和灭绝的特殊性上转移开了。纳粹屠犹与早先有过的反犹浪潮或杀犹有质的区别,后者在人群感情冲动时高涨,在人群冲动消退时低落。正是这种传统式的杀犹经验,使得东欧的犹太委员会对纳粹屠犹作出了错误的估计,以为犹太人只要不还手,只要委屈求全,就能将事情化解。他们没有想到,以前那种‘撒野’式的攻击已经给纳粹井井有条的计划(和执行)所代替。”Hans Mommsen,“The Thin Patina of Civilization:AntiSemitism Was a Necessary,but by No Means a Sufficient,Condition for Holocaust.”In Robert R. Shandley,ed,. Unwilling Germans?:The Goldhagen Debate. London:University of Minnesota Press,1998,p. 193.
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13Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York:Harvest/HBJ,[1951] 1973,p. 311.
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14Ibid.,p. 376.
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15Ibid.,p. 378.
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16Ibid.,p. 341.
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17Ibid.
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18Ibid.
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19Ibid.,p. 447.
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20Ibid.,p. 451.
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21Ibid.,p. 452.
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22Ibid.,pp. 453,455.
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23Quoted from Richard I. Cohen,“A Generation’s Response to Eichmann in Jerusalem.”In Steven E. Aschheim,ed.,Hannah Arendt in Jerusalem,Berkeley,C.A.:University of California Press,2001,p. 274.
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24Dominick LaCapra. Review of Lawrence Langer’s “Preempting the Holocaust.”p. 104.
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政治神学的教训:失节的施米特
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1Dirk van Laak,Gesprache in der Sicherheit des Schweigens:Carl Schmitt in der politischen Geistesgeschichte der fruhen Bundesrepublik. Berlin:Akademie,2002,p. 187.
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2Heinrich Meier,The Lesson of Carl Schmitt:Four Chapters on the Distinction between Political Theology and Political Philosophy. Trans.,Marcus Brainard. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1998,p. ix. 本文中引述施米特处均为迈尔原引,为方便读者,原引处一并附录。
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3Meier,The Lesson of Carl Schmitt,p. xv.
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