打字猴:1.70172318e+09
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1701723181 1Stanley Milgram,Letter to Alan Elms,September 25,1973. Quoted by Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shock the World:The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram. New York:Basic Books,2004,p. 263.
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1701723183 2Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shock the World,p. xviii.
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1701723185 3Ibid.
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1701723187 4Stanley Milgram,“Behavioral Study of Obedience.”Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 69(1963):371378,p. 371.
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1701723189 5“让座实验”的变化形式及其结果,参见Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shock the World,pp. 174177。
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1701723191 6实验介绍可参见《米尔格伦实验(权力服从研究)》(http://www.mediaz.cn/n218c12.aspx,上网时间2007年7月31日),我在文字上根据纪录片《服从》作了稍许改动。
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1701723193 7Arthur Miller,The Obedience Experiments:A Case Study of Controversy in Social Science. New York:Praeger,1986,p. 22.
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1701723195 8Stanley Milgram,Obedience to Authority:An Experimental View. New York:Harper and Row,1974,p. 31.
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1701723197 9Dannie Abse,The Dogs of Pavlov. London:Valentine,Mitchell & Co.,1973.
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1701723199 10Stanley Milgram,Letter to Alan Elms,September 25,1973. Quoted by Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shock the World:The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram. New York:Basic Books,2004,p. 263.
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1701723201 11Quoted by Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shocked the World,pp. 268269.
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1701723203 12Ibid.,pp. 269270.
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1701723205 13在《服从权威》的德文译文序言中米尔格伦写道:“由于此书与德国人特别相关,译成德文应当是‘服从’,毕竟这曾经是德国人最爱用的借口。在进行了这一实验之后,我想,如果美国有同样的设施——集中营、毒气室——找美国人来操作这些设施一定不成问题。然而,尽管所有的人都可能盲目服从,但这并不能为德国人脱罪,因为他们把一种潜在的可能变成了实实在在的残忍和实实在在的屠杀。”Quoted by Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shocked the World,p. 267。
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1701723207 14Philip Zimbardo,“When Good People Do Evil.”Yale Alumni Magazine January/February(2007):4047,p. 44.
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1701723209 15Hannah Arendt,The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York:Harvest/HBJ,[1951]1973.
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1701723211 16Quoted by Thomas Blass,The Man Who Shocked the World,pp. 279280.
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1701723213 17Stanley Milgram,Obedience to Authority,pp. 178179.米尔格伦的结论是:“这是一个(人性)自然设计在我们身上的缺陷,由于这个缺陷,我们人类最终能否继续存在的希望都很渺茫。”(188)玛希(C. Marsh)认为米尔格伦的看法太悲观。她认为:“服从和不服从都是可以由社会力量来塑造的能力。有的社会命令人民服从,甚至还要盲目服从。但是,对于社会和个人来说,……是否还应该学习什么时候必须质疑服从,什么时候必须不服从呢?”玛希举了一个例子,1998年,人权组织曾为人权人士和环境保护人士提供非暴力抗议策略的训练。来自全世界许多国家的100多位年轻人参加了一个6天的训练计划,学习公民不服从的策略。玛希问道:“如果参加米尔格伦实验的是这些年轻人,实验结果将会如何呢?他们是不是会更多地提出问题呢?他们是不是会拒绝服从呢?”玛希提出的问题是合理的。但问题是,学习服从和不服从的环境都离不开特定的权力制度。在民主制度下,可以有这样的人权训练,但在极权制度下呢?在极权制度下,我们曾经见到过这样的情形:一面鼓励年轻人不服从(对某些人“造反”),一面却诱导他们绝对而盲目地服从(“理解的要执行,不理解的也要执行”)。Caryl Marsh,“A Science Museum Exhibit on Milgram’s Obedience Research:History,Description,and Visitors’ Reactions.”In Thomas Blass,Obedience to Authority:Current Perspective on the Milgram Paradigm. Mahwah,N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Publishers,2000.
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1701723215 18Stanley Milgram,Obedience to Authority:An Experimental View. New York:Harper and Row,1974,p.189.
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1701723217 19Steven Hartwell,“Moral Development,Ethical Conduct,and Clinical Education.”New York Law School Law Review,Vol. 35,1990.
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1701723219 20Arthur G. Miller,The Obedience Experiments,p. 201. Serge Moscovici,“Social Influence and Conformity.”In the Handbook of Social Psychology. Eds.,E. Aronson,M. Brewer,and J. M. Carlsmith,3rd ed.,347412. New York:Random House,1985,p. 378.
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1701723221 21Quoted by Ann L. Saltzman,“The Role of the Obedience Experiment in Holocaust Studies. The Case for Renewed Visibility.”In Thomas Blass,ed.,Obedience to Authority:Current Perspectives on the Milgram Paradigm. Mahwah,N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Publishers,2000,p. 125.
1701723222
1701723223 人性—文化—制度:文化决定论和纳粹极权
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1701723225 1Daniel Goldhagen,Hitler’s Willing Executioners:Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New Yrok:Knopf,1996,p. 9.
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1701723227 2Dominick LaCapra. Review of Lawrence Langer’s “Preempting the Holocaust.”Holocaust and Genocide Studies 14:1(2000):102105,p. 102.
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1701723229 3例如,James C. Scott称此书为这个研究领域中的“创新而有力之作”。引自Lawrence Douglas,“Review of Hitler’s Willing Executioners:Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. ”Commonwealth 124:9(May 9,1997),p. 18。
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