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(17) Rex, J. and Tomlinson, S., Colonial Immigrants in a British City, London, 1979.
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(18) 特别参见Castells, M., “Is There an Urban Sociology?” in Pickvance, C., ed., Urban Sociology: CriticalEssays, London, 1976; Castells, M., “Theory and Ideology in Urban Sociology” in Pickvance, C., ed., Urban Sociology: Critical Essays, London, 1976; Castells, M., The Urban Question, London, 1977。
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(19) 特别是在The Urban Question后记中以及Castells另一本著作City, Class and Power (London, 1978)的导论中。
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(20) Castells, M., The Urban Question, London, 1977, pp. 236－237.
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(21) Mingione, E., Social Conflict and the City, Oxford, 1981, p. 67.
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(22) Lefebvre, H., De Rural à l’Urbaine, Paris, 1970; Harvey, D., “The Urban Process under Capitalism,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1978, Vol. 2, pp. 101－131.
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(23) 这个术语出自Lefebvre, H., La Pensée Marxiste et la Ville, Paris, 1972。马克思和恩格斯研究这个问题的最重要著作可能是《德意志意识形态》（The German Ideology, London, 1970.该著作于1845年到1846年间完成，1923年首次出版）。
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(24) “在新市民的塑造过程中，公民作为单个的人成为市民。进行公民宣誓的是个人。个人的而非同类群体或部落的身份在当地的城市联盟中保证了个人作为公民的人身合法地位”（Weber, M., The City, New York, 1958, p. 102）。
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(25) Durkheim, E., The Division of Labour in Society, London and New York, 1964 (first published 1893), pp. 27-8.
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(26) Engels, F., The Condition of the Working Class in England, St Albans, 1969; Engels, F., “The Housing Question” in Marx, K. and Engels, F., Selected Works, Moscow, 1969, Vol. Ⅱ.
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(27) “如果没有大城市及其对流行观念的影响，工人阶级要比现在落后得多”（Engels, F., The Condition of the Working Class in England, St Albans, 1969, p. 152）。
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(28) Giddens, A., A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism，Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981, p. 148，着重是后加的。
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(29) Ibid, p. 12．
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(30) Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979, p. 224．
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(31) Urry, J., “Localities, Regions and Social Class,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1981, Vol. 5, p. 458.
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(32) 参见Rex, J., “The 1981 Urban Riots in Britain,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1982, Vol. 6, pp. 99-113。
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(33) Cameron, G., The Future of the British Conurbations, London, 1980, pp. 318-319．Townsend进行的详尽贫困调查显示，英国的贫困分布地区十分广泛——参见Townsend, P., Poverty in the United Kingdom, ch. 15, Harmondsworth, 1979。
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(34) Engels, F., “The Housing Question” in Marx, K. and Engels, F., Selected Works, Moscow, 1969, Vol. Ⅱ, p. 352.
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(35) 其他三个先决条件是目标界定、整合和潜在因素——参见Parsons, T., Bales, R. and Shils, E., Working Papers in the Theory of Action, London, 1953。在社会系统层面，帕森斯把适应性看做是经济子系统的功能，但是Hawley认为生态过程包含了经济过程（Hawley, A., Human Ecology: a Theory of Community Structure, New York, 1950, ch. 4）。在这种情况下，帕森斯的系统理论就能够轻易修正从而兼容关于适应性功能的生态理论。
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(36) 也就是宽泛意义上的异化。请注意，西美尔在其研究货币经济效应和高度分工效应的著作中把“异化”作为一个基本论题。
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(37) 这个论题出自Pahl对于城市管理主义论点的重新表述，这个表述认为管理者不仅在市场和政府部门之间，而且在中央政府和地方人口之间发挥调停作用。然而，对于中心和边缘之间、国家和地方之间关系的这种关注在Pahl的早期著作——特别是Pahl的“The Rural-urban Continuum”（载Pahl, R., ed., Readings in Urban Sociology, London, 1968）一文——和20世纪60年代其他有影响的社会学著述如Stacey的“The Myth of Community Studies”（载British Journal of Sociology, 1969, Vol. 20, pp. 134-145）一文中已经存在。这个论题在20世纪80年代因中央政府和激进地方当局之间的冲突再次出现在学术论争中。
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(38) Saunders, P., “Beyond Housing Classes: The Significance of Private Property Rights in Means of Consumption,” University of Sussex, Urban and Regional Studies Working Papers, 1982, No. 33.
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(39) 除上文之外，还请参见Saunders, P., Social Theory and the Urban Question，London, 1981, ch. 8; Saunders, P., “Central-local Government Relations and the Politics of Consumption” in Boddy, M. and Fudge, C., eds., Local Socialism: Labour councils and New Left alternatives, London, 1984, pp. 22-48; 以及Cawson, A. and Saunders, P., “Corporatism, Competitive Politics and Class Struggle” in King, R., ed., Capitals and Politics, London, 1983, pp. 1-27。
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