1702361750

1702361751 (86) Hägerstrand, 引自Carlstein, T., Time Resources, Society and Ecology, Vol. 1, Pre-industrial Societies, London, 1982, p. 56。

1702361752

1702361753 (87) Hägerstrand, T., “Geography and the Study of Interaction between Nature and Society,” Geoforum, 1976, Vol. 7, p. 332; Layder对“互动结构”的探讨直接谈到了Hägerstrand的关注点：参见Layder, D., Structure, Interation and Social Theory, London, 1981; Thrift, N., “On the Determination of Social Action in Space and Time,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 1983, Vol. 1, pp. 23－57。

1702361754

1702361755 (88) Hägerstrand, T., “Commentary”in Buttimer, A., Values in Geography (Association of American Geographers, Commissionon College Geography, Resource Paper 24), 1974, p. 53.

1702361756

1702361757 (89) Carlstein, T., “Innovation, Time-allocation and Space-time Packing”in Carlstein, T., Parkes, D. and Thrift, N., eds., Timing Space and Spacing Time (3 vols), London, 1978, Vol .1, p. 149.

1702361758

1702361759 (90) Harvey, D., Social Justice and the City, London, 1973, pp. 22－49; Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979; Giddens, A., A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981, pp. 169－181. 时间地理学与结构化理论之间的关系是复杂的。一方面，Pred和Carlstein显然赞同Giddens的计划，但他们坚持认为，“社会理论中出现的这种共识”在很大程度上没有能够确认出将时空与社会生活的生产和再生产“黏合”起来的“黏合剂”（Pred, A., “Social Reproduction and the Time-geography of Everyday Life, “Geogra fiska Annaler B, 1981, Vol. 63, p. 9），并且没有认识到“时间地理学迄今所做的工作对于Giddens提出的那种结构化理论绝对至关重要——因为它使我们能够“看到这种理论的实质逻辑”(Carlstein, T., “The Sociology of Structuration in Time and Space: a Time-geographic Assessment of Giddens’s Theory,” Swedish Geographical Yearbook, 1981, p. 48)。另一方面，Giddens显然利用了网状模型，而后者的总体重要性在于它强调在社会活动中，时空中的运动协调是路径或轨线的耦合；但是他声称“这种社会活动观念的重要性”并不依赖于“Hägerstrand对它的特定表述, 就后者而言可以给出各种反对意见”(Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979, p. 205)。虽然Giddens没有陈述这些反对意见, 但是我认为这些反对意见本质上是理论性的：这些著述对其计划的重要意义与Goffman的The Presentation of self in Everyday Life (New York, 1959)一书对“日常生活中自我显现”的解释有很大关系，后者使人们关注社会行动者的知识性，而如我所表明, Hägerstrand并没有做到这一点。范帕森对Hägerstrand论点与Elias“隐喻”的比较在这方面具有的指导性比他预想的要大：van Paassen, C., “Human Geography in Terms of Existential Anthropology, “Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 1976, Vol. 67, pp. 338-339; Elias, N., What is sociology？London, 1978。

1702361760

1702361761 (91) Thrift, N., “On the Determination of Social Action in Space and Time, “Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 1983, Vol. 1, p. 39fn. 对于这一建议，我有很多保留意见。首先，即便这些“连接环节”可以被赋予实质性意义——我怀疑这一点——这些关联也显然局限于劳动过程，并且确认出这些关联需要建立有关社会“解剖结构”的综合理论。其次，我认为组构和情境之间的关联是一种方法论的关联，这种关联必定受到我在下文中描述的“因果力”和“有效场”之间的关系约束。

1702361762

1702361763 (92) Harvey, D, The limits to capital, Oxford, 1982, p. 106; 也见Massey, D., Spatial Divisions of Labour: Social Structures and the Geography of Production, London, 1984。

1702361764

1702361765 (93) Giddens, A., A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol. 1: Power, Property and the State, London and Berkeley, 1981, p. 8; Wright, E. O., “Giddens’s Critique of Marxism,” New Left Review, 1983, Vol. 138, p. 11.

1702361766

1702361767 (94) Hägerstrand, T., “On Socio-technical Ecology and the Study of Innovations,” Ethnologica Europaea, 1974, Vol. 7, p. 10.

1702361768

1702361769 (95) 参见Cutler, A., Hindess, B., Hirst, P. and Husain, A., Marx’s Capital and Capitalism Today, London, 1977, Vol. 1, p. 252。

1702361770

1702361771 (96) 这些讨论集中于当代资本主义内部的康德拉捷夫长波（Kondratieff waves）与空间经济内部的技术创新之间的因果关系。这些争论的理论来源显然不同, 关于相关评论, 参见van Juijn, The Long Wave in Economic Life, London, 1983。

1702361772

1702361773 (97) Hägerstrand, T., Innovation Diffusion as a spatial Process, Chicago, 1967.

1702361774

1702361775 (98) Hägerstrand, T., “The Domain of Human Geography” in Chorley, R. J., ed., Directions in Geography, London, 1973, pp. 78－79.

1702361776

1702361777 (99) Hägerstrand, T., “The Domain of Human Geography” in Chorley, R. J., ed., Directions in Geography, London, 1973, p. 86; 关于“主导性计划”，也见Pred, A., “Social Reproduction and the Time-geography of Everyday Life,” Geografiska Annaler B, 1981, Vol. 63; Pred, A., ed., Space and Time in Geography: Essays Dedicated to Torsten Hägerstrand, Lund Studies in Geography, 1981, Series B, No. 48。

1702361778

1702361779 (100) Hägerstrand, T., “Diorama, Path and Project,” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 1982, Vol. 73, p. 337.

1702361780

1702361781 (101) Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979, p. 139; Giddens, A., The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies (2nd edn), London, 1981, p. 231; Carlstein, T., Time Resources, Society and Ecology, Vol. 1, Pre-industrial Societies, London, 1982; Gregory, D., “Solid Geometry: Notes on the Recovery of Spatial Structure”in Gould, P.and Olsson, G., eds., A Search for Common Ground, London, 1982, p. 196.

1702361782

1702361783 (102) Giddens, A., Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, London and Berkeley, 1979; Giddens, A., The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies (2nd edn), London, 1981.

1702361784

1702361785 (103) Hägerstrand, T., “Commentary” in Buttimer, A., Values in Geography(Association of American Geographers, Commission on College Geography, Resource Paper 24), 1974, pp. 53－54. 也见Buttimer, A., Values in Geography (Association of American Geographers, Commission on College Geography, Resource Paper 24), 1974；关于他对时间地理学的看法，参见Buttimer, A., “Grasping the Dynamism of the Life World,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1976, Vol. 66, pp. 277－292。Hägerstrand后来记述，“Buttimer明确告诉我, 我描述的世界使她想起了一种死亡之舞（danse macabre）”: Hägerstrand, T., “In Search for the Sources of Concepts” in Buttimer, A., ed., The Practice of Geography, 1983, p. 254。

1702361786

1702361787 (104) Hägerstrand, T., “Diorama, Path and Project,” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 1982, Vol. 73, pp. 323－324; Buttimer, A., Values in Geography (Association of American Geographers, Commission on College Geography, Resource Paper 24), 1974, p. 61.

1702361788

1702361789 (105) Giddens, A., New Rules of Sociological Method, London, 1976, p. 156.

1702361790

1702361791 (106) Hägerstrand, T., “Diorama, Path and Project,”Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 1982, Vol. 73, p. 323.

1702361792

1702361793 (107) Poster, M., Sartre’s Marxism, London, 1979, p. 67.

1702361794

1702361795 (108) Sartre, J. -P., Critique of Dialectical Reason, London, 1976, p. 285.

1702361796

1702361797 (109) Eyles, J., “Why Geography Cannot be Marxist: Towards an Understanding of Lived Experience,” Environment and Planning A, 1981, Vol. 13, pp. 1383－1384; 参见Aronson, R., Sartre: Philosophy in the world, London, 1980, pp. 259ff。

1702361798

1702361799 (110) Sartre, J. -P., Critique of Dialectical Reason, London, 1976, p. 123.

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