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1702398361 6. Addison, Goodwin-Kelly, and Roth, Motherhood Misconceived ; Melissa Gregg, “The Normalisation of Flexible Female Labour in the Information Economy,” Feminist Media Studies 8, no. 3 (2008): 285–299; Heather L. Hundley and Sara Hayden, eds., Mediated Moms: Contemporary Challenges to the Motherhood Myth (New York: Peter Lang, 2016); Jo Littler, “The Rise of the ‘Yummy Mummy’: Popular Conservatism and the Neoliberal Maternal in Contemporary British Culture,” Communication, Culture & Critique 6, no. 2 (2013): 227–243; Robyn Longhurst, “YouTube: A New Space for Birth?” Feminist Review 93, no. 1 (2009): 46–63; Angela McRobbie, “Feminism, the Family and the New ‘Mediated’ Maternalism,” New Formations 80 (2013): 119–137; Shani Orgad and Sara De Benedictis, “The ‘Stay at-Home’ Mother, Postfeminism and Neoliberalism: Content Analysis of UK News Coverage,” European Journal of Communication 30, no. 4 (2015): 418–436; Valerie Palmer-Mehta and Sherianne Shuler, “‘Devil Mammas’ of Social Media: Resistant Maternal Discourses in Sanctimommy” in Mediated Moms , ed. Hundley and Hayden, 221–245; Pamela Thoma, “What Julia Knew: Domestic Labor in the Recession Era Chick Flick,” in Gendering the Recession: Media and Culture in an Age of Austerity , ed. D. Negra and Y. Tasker (Durham, NC/London: Duke University Press, 2014), 107–135; Suzanna D. Walters and Laura Harrison, “Not Ready to Make Nice: Aberrant Mothers in Contemporary Culture,” Feminist Media Studies 14, no. 1 (2014): 38–55.

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1702398363 7. Rebecca Collins, “Content Analysis of Gender Roles in Media: Where Are We Now and Where Should We Go?” Sex Roles 64, no. 3 (2011): 290–298; Iñaki Garcia-Blanco and Karin Wahl-Jorgensen, “The Discursive Construction of Women Politicians in the European Press,” Feminist Media Studies 12, no. 3 (2012): 422–442; Erving Goffman, Gender Advertisements (New York: Harper & Row, 1979); Gaye Tuchman, “The Symbolic Annihilation of Women in the Media,” in Hearth and Home: Images of Women in the Mass Media , ed. G. Tuchman, A. Daniels, and J. Benet (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), 3–38.

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1702398365 8. Arielle Kuperberg and Pamela Stone, “The Media Depiction of Women Who Opt Out,” Gender & Society 22, no. 4 (2008): 497–517; Joan Williams, Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It (Oxford/ New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).

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1702398367 9. Orgad and De Benedictis, “The ‘Stay-at-Home’ Mother.”

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1702398369 10. Susan Douglas and Meredith W. Michaels, The Mommy Myth: The Idealization of Motherhood and How It Has Undermined All Women (New York: Free Press, 2004).

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1702398371 11. 萨拉·德·贝内迪克蒂斯在分析英国“紧缩期育儿”的政治言论时，揭示了2010—2015年联合政府如何借助撒切尔式病态化单亲家长的做法，继新工党之后继续强调单亲家长找工作的个体责任，将单亲妈妈塑造为“野妈妈”——不受控制、不负责任、专搞破坏、“吸”社会的血，而且管教不了自己的孩子。Sara De Benedictis, “‘Feral’ Parents: Austerity Parenting under Neoliberalism,” Studies in the Maternal 4, no. 2 (2012): 1–21.

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1702398373 12. 例如埃米莉·哈默对英国竞选报道中政客妻子形象的分析。Emily Harmer, “Public to Private and Back Again: The Role of Politicians’ Wives in British Election Campaign Coverage,” Feminist Media Studies 16, no. 5 (2015): 1–17.

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1702398375 13. Rachel Thomson, Mary Jane Kehily, Lucy Hadfield, and Sue Sharpe, Making Modern Mothers (Bristol, UK: Policy, 2011), 6.

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1702398377 14. 例如，参见Palmer-Mehta and Shuler, “‘Devil Mammas.’”

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1702398379 15. Alicia Blum-Ross and Sonia Livingstone, “Sharenting: Parent Blogging and the Boundaries of the Digital Self,” Popular Communication 15, no. 2 (2017): 110–125.

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1702398381 16. “母亲挑战”借用了ALS冰桶挑战（ALS Ice Bucket Challenge）、“素颜自拍助癌研究”运动（No Make-Up Selfie for Cancer Research）和挣脱胶带挑战（Duct Tape Challenge）等疯狂挑战的形式，邀请妇女们通过发布一系列表现“当妈快乐”的照片，并附上她们心目中其他“伟大妈妈”的姓名标签来参与。但和其他明显目标更有价值的疯狂挑战——例如为慈善机构筹款或加强疾病意识——不同，“母亲挑战”旨在让妇女们秀出当母亲的“自然”成功，并点名表扬其他她们认为同样称职的妈妈。毫不意外，Facebook上该项挑战被很多人批评为是对幸福自负又傲慢的炫耀，其有害影响在于将长期以来对母职的盲目崇拜和过度美誉正当化，并加深了这一误导。例如，Alice Judge-Talbot, “Why Are Women Falling for the Facebook Motherhood Challenge?” Telegraph , February 4, 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/family/why-are-women-falling-for-the-facebook-motherhood-challenge/; Flic Everett, “Facebook’s Motherhood Challenge Makes Me Want to Punch My Computer Screen,” Guardian , February 2, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/feb/02/facebook-motherhood-challenge。“母亲挑战”不仅增加了粉饰、颂扬、美化母职的文化压力，而且加大了对妈妈们的监察力度，给她们贴上“好”“坏”的标签，加强了她们迫于压力而实施的自我监督——时时用拔高了的标准来评判自己。Angela McRobbie, “Notes on the Perfect,” Australian Feminist Studies 30, no. 83 (2015): 3–20. 类似地，一项关于伦敦妈妈聚会应用软件Mush的调查发现，80%以上的受访妈妈说，那些在Instagram和Facebook等平台上发布“完美”生活照的“妈咪博主们”“增加了当完美妈妈的压力”，令她们非常焦虑。Mark Blunden, “‘Perfect’ Lives of Instamums Are Making London Mothers Feel Inadequate,” Evening Standard , February 16, 2017, http://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/perfect-lives-of-instamums-are-making-london-mothers-feel-inadaquate-a3468426.html.

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1702398383 17. Richard Hayton, “Conservative Party Modernisation and David Cameron’s Politics of the Family,” Political Quarterly 81, no. 4 (2010): 497.

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1702398385 18. David Cameron, “David Cameron on Families,” August 18, 2014, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/david-cameron-on-families.

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1702398387 19. 卡梅伦首相在2016年“人生机遇”的演讲中，谈到所有家长在养育子女方面都需要帮助，并介绍了显著加大育儿辅助力度的政府计划，包括推行育儿课程。David Cameron, “Prime Minister’s Speech on Life Chances,” January 11, 2016, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/prime-ministers-speech-on-life-chances.

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1702398389 20. Hayton, “Conservative Party Modernisation,” 492.

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1702398391 21. 本书撰写之际，英国政府尚未发布共享产假利用率的官方数据。据小规模调查估计，利用率为1%—3%。https://www.ft.com/content/2c4e539c-9a0d-11e7-a652-cde3f882dd7b.

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1702398393 22. Amy Chua, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother (London: Penguin, 2011).

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1702398395 23. 理查德·海顿（Richard Hayton）指出，首相卡梅伦“把［传统］家庭放在政策议程和公共形象建设的核心位置”，曾多次重申家庭是补救“破败的英国社会”、重建社会结构的根本机制。在一些核心方面，卡梅伦（和特雷莎·梅）的政策和言辞明显沿袭了其前任邓肯·史密斯（Duncan Smith）和迈克尔·霍华德（Michael Howard）的做法。（史密斯和霍华德均为英国保守党领袖，卡梅伦于2005年接任。——译者注）Hayton, “Conservative Party Modernisation,” 497.

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1702398397 24. Gillian Pascall, “Women and the Family in the British Welfare State: The Thatcher/Major Legacy,” Social Policy & Administration 31, no. 3 (1997): 294.

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1702398399 25. Pascall, “Women and the Family,” 295.

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1702398401 26. Thomson et al., Making Modern Mothers .

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1702398403 27. Thomson et al., Making Modern Mothers . 另见De Benedictis, “‘Feral’ Parents.”。

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1702398405 28. “Interview: Rebecca Asher, producer and writer,” April 3, 2011, http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/books/interview-rebecca-asher-producer-and-writer-1-1572297; 另见Rebecca Asher, Shattered: Modern Motherhood and the Illusion of Equality (New York: Vintage, 2011), 90。

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1702398407 29. 2013年，杰奎琳·斯科特（Jacqueline Scott）和伊丽莎白·克利里（Elizabeth Clery）为英国国家社会研究中心（NatCen）所做的英国社会态度调查显示，认为主妇和职工一样获得自我实现的人数比例变化不大（从1989年的41%增长到2012年的45%）。由此推测，关于妇女对现实中承担照护角色的看法和经历，公众认知的改变更加有限。Scott and Clery, “Gender Roles: An Incomplete Revolution?” NatCen Social Research, 2013, http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/media/38457/bsa30_gender_roles_final.pdf. 2014年，舆观调查网（YouGov）为庆祝国际妇女节而做的一项国际综合调查发现，全世界妇女中绝大多数都把生儿育女排在事业追求前面，虽然也有不少人，尤其是年轻妇女，希望两者兼得。英国妇女中约五分之四认为生儿育女比事业追求更重要，而美国妇女则有71%赞同“母职优先”的观点。William Jordan, “Most Women Put Motherhood Ahead of Career,” YouGov.UK, March 7, 2014, https://yougov.co.uk/news/2014/03/07/mult-country-survey-most-women-put-motherhood-ahea/.

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1702398409 30. Thomson et al., Making Modern Mothers , 4, 5.

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