打字猴:1.702741893e+09
1702741893
1702741894 (83) 在政治理论中,主导的范式也是罗尔斯为代表的完美论,而阿玛蒂亚·森在其新著内提供了一种有关不正义的比较框架,可参见Amartya Sen,The Idea of Justice,Harvard University Press,2009。
1702741895
1702741896 (84) Mark Graber,Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil,Cambridge University Press,2006,p.2,p.3,p.5-6.
1702741897
1702741898 (85) Sanford Levinson,Constitutional Faith,Princeton University Press,1988;Jack Balkin,Constitutional Redemption:Political Faith in an Unjust World,Harvard University Press,2011.
1702741899
1702741900 (86) 参见Jon Elster,Ulysses Unbound:Studies in Rationality,Precommitment,and Constraints,Cambridge University Press,2000。
1702741901
1702741902 (87) 代际对话实际上为每一代的参与者创造了一种超越此时此地的利益驱动的激励结构,借用罗尔斯的比喻,代际对话就好比为每一代人搭起了一种“无知之幕”,由此才得以促进以公共精神为导向的宪法变革。例如参见Adrian Vermeule,“Veil of Ignorance Rules in Constitutional Law,”111 Yale Law Journal399,2001。
1702741903
1702741904 (88) 引自John Hart Ely,Democracy and Distrust:A Theory of Judicial Review,Harvard University Press,1980,p.11。
1702741905
1702741906 (89) 关于“活在当下”论述,可参见Jed Rubenfeld,Freedom and Time:A Theory of Constitutional Self-Government,Yale University Press,2001。
1702741907
1702741908 (90) Adam Samaha,“Dead Hand Arguments and Constitutional Interpretation,”108 Columbia Law Review,606,2008.
1702741909
1702741910 (91) 还应注意到,宪法内的不同条款可能有着不同的时态,根据桑斯坦的分析,美国宪法中的正当程序条款就是向后看的,而平等保护条款则是向前看的。这是另一层意义上的具体问题具体分析。参见Cass Sunstein,“Sexual Orientation and the Constitution:A Note on the Relationship Between Due Process and Equal Protection,”55 University of Chicago Law Review,1161,(1988)。
1702741911
1702741912 (92) 这种为将来做准备的学术研究存在很多问题。例如,宪法研究者真的能够预见到宪法司法化后会出现何种宪法争议吗?还有更为前置的,宪法真的会司法化吗?真的能司法化吗?真的应司法化吗?就此而言,我们的论述似乎陷入了司法审查制度的迷思。我并不否认中国存在着大量宪法问题,而一种制度化的解决必定有助于中国政治秩序的安定,但问题在于,司法审查是否真的如同一种自动售货机,法律问题在入口处进入,在出口处就得到了解决。如果真的是自动售货机的话,它究竟应该如何设计?至少我个人认为,我们基于司法宪制主义所设想的宪法审查机制,在我们既有的宪制内,更多的可能不是解决宪法问题,它本身就有可能是一种问题。
1702741913
1702741914 (93) 本章原刊于《环球法律评论》2013年第5期。
1702741915
1702741916 (94) Scalia,J.,“Dissenting Opinion,”Thompson v. Oklahoma,487 U.S. 868-869,1988,斯卡利亚此后曾多次在自己所起草的反对意见中转引这句话,例如参见Atkins v. Virginia,536 U.S. 304,2002。
1702741917
1702741918 (95) 关于援引外国法与文化内战,可参见Mark Tushnet,“When Is Knowing Less Better than Knowing More:Unpacking the Controversy over Supreme Court Reference to Non-U. S. Law,”Minnesota Law Review,vol.90,pp.1275-1302,2006;“Referring to Foreign Law in Constitutional Interpretation:An Episode in the Culture Wars,”University of Baltimore Law Review,vol.35,pp.299-312,2006;“Decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind:Referring to Foreign Law to Express American Nationhood,Albany Law Review,”vol.69,pp.809-816,2006。
1702741919
1702741920 (96) E. J. Dionne,Jr.,Our Divided Political Heart:The Battle for the American Idea in an Age of Discontent, Bloomsbury,2012.
1702741921
1702741922 (97) Sanford Levinson,Constitutional Faith,Princeton University Press,2001,pp.180-182.列文森教授近年来对美国宪法文本多有批评,参见Sanford Levinson,“How I Lost My Constitutional Faith,”Maryland Law Review,vol.71,pp.956-977,2012。
1702741923
1702741924 (98) 司法审查的范式在美国并非没有反思者,比较有代表性的反思,规范性的理论建构,可参见Mark Tushnet,Taking the Constitution away from the Courts,Princeton University Press,1999;LarryKramer,The People Themselves:Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review,Oxford University Press,2004;实证性的讨论,可参见Gerald Rosenberg,The Hollow Hope:Can Courts Bring about Social Change?Second edition,University of Chicago Press,2008。
1702741925
1702741926 (99) 杰斐逊当时担任美国驻法大使,此封信的原文搜索“Jefferson Madison September 6,1789”即可得。
1702741927
1702741928 (100) Jed Rubenfeld,Freedom and Time:A Theory of Constitutional Self-Government,Yale University Press,2001,pp.18-22.
1702741929
1702741930 (101) Frank Michelman,“Law’s Republic,”Yale Law Journal,vol.97,pp.1493-1538,1988;Robert McCloskey and Sanford Levinson,The American Supreme Court,Fifth edition,University of Chicago Press,2010;Alexander Bickel,The Least Dangerous Branch:The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics,Yale University Press,1986.
1702741931
1702741932 (102) 参见Jack Balkin,Constitutional Redemption:Political Faith in an Unjust World,Harvard University Press,2011。
1702741933
1702741934 (103) Edmund Morgan,Inventing the People:Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America,Norton,1988.
1702741935
1702741936 (104) 1960年的时候,大多数美国中学生都会背诵葛底斯堡演讲的全文或部分,而到了2012年,大多数中学生不知道葛底斯堡演讲是什么!参见David Gelernter,America-Lite:How Imperial Academia Dismantled Our Culture,Encounter Books,2006。
1702741937
1702741938 (105) 关于“教鱼游泳”,可参见冯象《送法下乡与教鱼游泳》,《读书》2002年第2期,第10页。
1702741939
1702741940 (106) 本章原刊于《社会观察》2013年第1期。
1702741941
1702741942 (107) McCulloch V. Maryland,17 U.S. 316(1819).
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