打字猴:1.702821814e+09
1702821814
1702821815 [254] Geoffrey de Q Walker, “Information as Power,” CIS Policy Forum (Centre for Independent Studies, 1986); quoted in Simon Davies,“The Australia Card: Campaign of Opposition,” in National Identification Systems, Carl Watner and Wendy McElroy, eds. (2004) (online at http://www.privacyintemational.org/issues/idcard/campaigns.html).
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1702821817 [255] Lloyd E. Ohlin and Frank J. Remington, eds., Discretion in Criminal Justice: The Tension Between Individualization and Uniformity, the State University of New York Press © 1993, State University of New York.
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1702821819 [256] Kris Hundley,“The High Costs of Cop Stress,” Valley Advocate, October 12, 1987.
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1702821821 [257] C.J.Karamargin, “Officer’s Taser is used on girl, 9,” Arizona Daily Star, May 25, 2004.
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1702821823 [258] Eric Swedlund, “Girl hit with Taser was combative,police reports say,” Arizona Daily Star, May 28, 2004.
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1702821825 [259] L Anne Newell,“Taser hit on girl, 9, stirs talk on ethics,” Arizona Daily Star, May 26, 2004.
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1702821827 [260] Alex Berenson,“Claims Over Tasers’ Safety Are Challenged,” New York Times, November 26, 2004.
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1702821829 [261] Sarah Kershaw,“As Shocks Replace Police Bullets, Deaths Drop but Questions Arise,” New York Times, March 7, 2004.
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1702821831 [262] Jennifer Steinhauer,“In the Village, Sex Shops Multiply and Test a Neighborhood’s Tolerance,” New York Times, September 27, 2004.
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1702821833 [263] Jackie Campbell, “Walking the Beat Alone: An African American Police Officer’s Perspective on Petit Apartheid,” in Dragan Milovanovic and Katheryn K. Russell,eds., Petit Apartheid in the U.S. Criminal Justice System (Durham, N. C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2001).
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1702821835 [264] 有人用“社区”一词翻译“community”,但这个译法有其局限性,因为“社区”的语义显指一块地域,还有比较强的现代感,不太适合较早的社会形态;而“community”是指被共同的兴趣、信仰、民族等联结在一起共同生活的人,或者一般公众,且无时代限制。故此,本书一般将其译为“社会共同体”或者“共同体”,只在明确特指现、当代的某个区域时,才译为“社区”。在本书第五篇第十九章第一节中,也有这种情况。——译注
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1702821837 [265] Jeanette Covington, “Round Up the Usual Suspects: Racial Profiling and the War on Drugs,” in Dragan Milovanovic and Katheryn K. Russell, eds., Petit Apartheid in the U.S. Criminal Justice System (Durham, N. C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2001).
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1702821839 [266] Peter Alldridge, Sanneke Berkhout-Van Poelgeest and Katherine Williams, “DNA Profiling and the Use of Expert Scientific Witnesses in Criminal Proceedings,” in Phil Fennell, et al., eds., Criminal Justice in Europe: A Comparative Study (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp.269-270.
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1702821841 [267] Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld, “DNA and Innocence Scholarship,” in Saundra D. Westervelt and John Humphrey, eds., Wrongly Convicted (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press 2001), pp.246,247.
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1702821843 [268] 他们对州法院的判决不服,通过同一律师共同上诉,并且他们请求本院一并发出案件调取令。这一共同请求被准许后不久,切尔顿去世了。因此,只有特里的定罪在此被审查。
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1702821845 [269] 例如,这种警察行为可能仅仅是为了帮助一个处于醉态的人找到回家的路,根本没有逮捕他的意图,除非他顽固对抗并难以驾御;或者,警察可能寻求调解家庭争吵,以免争吵演化为暴力。作为驱赶战役的一部分,他们可能在“红灯区”走向一个女人,意在驱赶妓女,以免起诉她们的巨大麻烦;或者,他们可能在城市的特定地区大举搜查所有少年人的武器,因为他们风闻这里即将发生一场帮派械斗。
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1702821847 [270] 该条全文如下: “§38.02:未能说明身份罪 (a)意图拒绝向进行合法拦截并提问的警官报告,或者虚假报告其姓名和住址者,构成犯罪。”
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1702821849 [271] 这一情况不同于一个训练有素、经验丰富的警官的观察,这样的警官能够觉察和分析出某一行为的含义,而这一点,缺乏训练的观察者是看不出来的。United States v. Brignoni - Ponce,422 U. S.873,884-885,95 S. Ct.2574,2582,45 L Ed.2d 607(1975); Christensen v. United States,104 U. S. App. D. C. 35,36,259 F. 2d 192,193(1958).
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1702821851 [272] Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial Dist. Court of Nevada,124 S. Ct. 2451.
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1702821853 [273] 1.任何治安官都可以留滞任何他遇到的人,如果有情况合理显示该人已经犯罪,正在犯罪或者即将犯罪……3.治安官可以依照本条之规定,只为确定其身份及其周围的可疑情况而留滞某人。任何被因此而留滞的人应当说明自己的身份,但不能被强迫回答治安官的任何其他询问。
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1702821855 [274] Berkemer v. McCarty,468 U. S.420,439(1984).
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1702821857 [275] 这就是说,进行这种检查的警察拒绝提供一个合理而清晰的、足以使其对乘客的无证“拦截”或“扣押”正当化的罪行疑点。见Terry v. Ohio,392 U S-1,20-22,30-31(1968);Florida v. Royer,460 U. S.491,498-499(1983)中的多数意见。然而,这并不意味着检査中对乘客的接近是完全随机的。事实上,至少一位例行检查州内旅行乘客的警察曾坦率承认,“种族”是影响他选择目标的一个因素。United States v. Williams, No. li 89 CR0135(ND Ohio,,June 13,1989), p.3. 警探泽尔勒(Zaller)作证说,本案中3个年轻黑人男性引起他注意的因素包括:(1)他们年轻,又是黑人……,见宣誓书(affd),No.89-4083(CA6,Oct 19,1990),p.7. 警察们知道,毒贩多是年轻的黑人男性,(撤销原判,发回重审),500 U.S. 901(1991).因此,在无特定目标的大检查中,选择特定乘客的根据,与其说是无法说清楚的,不如说是无法说出口的。
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1702821859 [276] www.drugstrategies.org/Police_Poll.pdf (visited November 27,2004).
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1702821861 [277] Todd B. Tatelman,Legislative Attorney, American Law Division, Congressional Research Service, “Interstate Travel: Constitutional Challenges to the Identification Requirement and Other Transportation Security Regulations” (The Library of Congress, Order Code RL32664, November 4, 2004).
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1702821863 [278] 遍查《美国法典》(United State Code)、《联邦法规法典》(Code of Federal Regulations)或者《联邦登记法》(Federal Register),都没有任何要求乘客在进入机场或登上飞机、公共汽车或火车前必须亮明其身份的法规、指令或命令。同样,我们没有找到联邦政府的任何记录,要求航空公司对照政府的“监视名单”和“禁飞名单”来检查乘客,也没有找到任何其他类型的可能妨碍个人旅行的记录。
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