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结论
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♣前面的提示与问题应当帮助你得出关于下列问题的结论：陪审团审判在美国是否衰落了？如果这种衰落是真实的，它对我们民主的健康和生活的质量有没有重要的影响？从本质上说，你正在思考的是杰弗里的表述：陪审团审判是民主自治政府的核心。你也在思考托克维尔的警告：“凡是选择以自己的权威进行统治”，而不是由人民的权威进行统治的人，已经摧毁和削弱了陪审团。如果杰斐逊和托克维尔是正确的，如果陪审团在当今的美国确实衰落了，那么，谁，或者什么是寻求取代民主自治政府的统治者呢？是我们自己的误解或者对陪审团审判重要性的过低评价使“我们人民”成为造成民主衰落的共犯吗？
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【图】Wouter Van Twiller的判决。
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The Bettmann Archive, Inc.
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[394] Marc Galanter, “The Vanishing Trial: An Examination of Trials and Related Matters in Federal Courts,” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies ‘ Vol.1, Issue 3, 459-570, November
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[395] Gargoyle, Alumni Magazine of the University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, Winter, VoL31, No.1 2005, 34.
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[396] [美]莫顿•霍维茨著：《美国法的变迁：1780-1860》，谢鸿飞译，中国政法大学出版社2004年版。译者在“译后记”中对书名的译法做了说明。——译注
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[397] The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 by Morton Horwitz, pp.141-143, 154-155, 84-85, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, Copyright ©1977 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
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[398] The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 by Morton Horwitz, p.252, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, Copyright ©1977 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
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[399] Philip Corboy,“The Not-So-Quiet Revolution,”Tennessee Law Review, Vol.346, 1995. 菲利普•科博伊先生在个人伤害和非法致死案中代表原告人。
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[400] From Valerie P. Hans and Stephanie Albertson, “Empirical Research and Civil Jury Re-form” 78 Notre Dame L Rev. 1497 (2003). 瓦莱瑞•汉斯，美国特拉华大学社会学和刑事司法学教授，她将本文献给她的父亲约翰_朱利叶斯•汉斯（John Julius Hans）。 斯蒂芬尼•艾伯特森，美国特拉华大学社会学和刑事司法学系哲学博士候选人。
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[401] Peter W. Huber ,Liability: The Legal Revolution and Its Consequences 50-51, 181-87 (1988); Jeffrey O’Connell & C. Brian Kelly, The Blame Game: Injuries, Insurance, and Injustice 23-32 (1987)（声称陪审团没有能力评价证据和证词。是在律师的诡计操纵下形成裁决的）；Walter Olson, The Litigation Explosion: What Happened When America Unleashed the Lawsuit (1991). 不同见解请参见：Valerie P. Hans, Business on Trial: The Civil Jury and Corporate Responsibility 58-61 (2000)（探讨了公众广为确信的所谓“美国正在经历-场诉讼危机，有许多不正当的诉讼”）；Marc Galanter,“News from Nowhere: The Debased Debate on Civil Justice,”71 Denver U.L Rev.77, 90-99 (1993）（驳斥了布什总统“产品责任诉讼正伤害着美国经济”的说法，并且用实证数据显示，产品责任的起诉正在减少）；Marc Galanter,“Real World Torts: An Antidote to Anecdote，” 55 Md. L Rev. 1093,1103-09(1996)（主张实证数据不支持这样的判断：美国人越来越喜欢诉讼）.
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[402] Stephen Daniels & Joanne Martin, Civil Juries and the Politics of Reform 60-183 (1995); Neal Feigenson, Legal Blame: How Jurors Think and Talk About Accidents (2000); Edie Greene & Brian H. Bomstein, Determining Damages: The Psychology of Jury Awards 21-36 (2003); and Neil Vidmar, Medical Malpractice and the American Jury: Confronting the Myths a-hout Jury Incompetence, Deep Pockets, and Outrageous Damage Awards (1995)……
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[403] Carol J. DeFrances et al., “Civil Jury Cases and Verdicts in Large Counties,” in Bureau of Just Stat., Special Report (July 1995)（1992年的数据），http:www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cjcavilc.pdf （最后访问时间：2003年3月21日）；Carol J.DeFrances & Marika F.X. Litras,“Civil Trial Cases and Verdicts in Large Counties,”1996, in Bureau of Just. Stat., Bulletin (Sept. 1999)（1996年的数据）, http:www.ojp.usdoj,gov/bjs/pub/pdf/ctcvlc96.pdf （最后访问时间：2003年3月21日）。
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[404] Valerie P. Hans, Business on Trial: The Jury and Corporate Responsibility (2000).
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[405] Feigenson, supra note 2, at 185-91; Neal Feigenson et al.,“Effect of Blameworthiness and Outcome Severity on Attributions of Responsibility and Damage Awards in Comparative Negligence Cases,”21 Law & Human Behavior. 597,610-12 (1997); Douglas J. Zickafoose & Brian H. Bomstein,“Double Discounting :The Effects of Comparative Negligence on Mock Juror Decision Making、”23 Law & Human Behavior 577 ,579 (1999）.
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[406] Richard Lempert, “Civil Juries and Complex Cases: Taking Stock After Twelve Years,” in Verdict: Assessing the Civil Jury System (Robert Litan ed., 1993).
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[407] Defrances et al., supra note 3, at 8 (Table 8).
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[408] Kalven and Ziesel, The American Jury 490 (1966); The American Jury: Notes for an English Controversy, 48 Chi. Bar Rec. 195 (1967).
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[409] From We, the Jury: The Jury System and the Idea of Democracy, by Jeffrey Abramson, pp.179,181-183, 191-192, 195-196, 198-200, 202-205, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
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[410] Billings Learned Hand（1872-1961），美国纽约州南部地区法官及美国上诉法院第三巡回区法官，杰出的自由主义者，著有The Spirit of Liberty,被认为是美国历史上最优秀的法官之一。——译注
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[411] Charles Rember, The Law of the Land (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1980), p.162.
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