打字猴:1.702909983e+09
1702909983
1702909984 [26]Leo Strauss, An Introduction to Political Philosophy:Ten Essays by Leo Strauss, ed.Hilail Gildin(Detroit:Wayne State University Press,1989),p.3.
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1702909986 [27]Richard A.Posner, The Problematics of Moral and Legal Theory(Cam-bridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1999),p.137.也参见p.36,其中他写道:“人类社会中最重要的合作规则是植根于其道德规范之中的。”
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1702909988 [28]“理性统治世界”这句话出自Hegel, Introduction to the Philosophy of History, trans.Leo Rauch(Indianapolis:Hackett Publishing,1988),p.12。例如,一位学者认为,世界各地的人们都能在第一原理上达成共识,参见Derek Parfit, On What Matters,2 vols.(New York:Oxford University Press,2011)。还可以考察路易丝·安东尼(Louise M.Antony)在一本包含英美20位主要哲学家的文章的文集导论中的评论,他们都放弃了传统的宗教信仰。安东尼注意到无神论者通常被认为“没有道德价值”,她指出:“本卷的这些文章应该被用于彻底地驳斥这一点。本卷中的每一位作者都坚定地肯定了对与错的客观性。”Louise M.Antony, ed.,Philosophers without Gods:Meditations on Atheism and the Secular Life(New York:Oxford University Press,2007),pp.x, xii.这种对客观真理的乐观观点也清楚地反映在下面这本书中,尽管作者对此表示反对:J.L.Mackie, Ethics:Inventing Right and Wrong(London:Penguin Books,1990)。
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1702909990 [29]有人可能会认为,当涉及关于什么构成美好生活的核心问题时,有绝对真理存在,但我们的批判能力根本不足以帮助我们辨别它们。然而,这一论点与我的关于我们批判能力的局限性的主张是一致的。
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1702909992 [30]Peter Gay, The Enlightenment:The Rise of Modern Paganism(New York:Norton,1966);Peter Gay, The Enlightenment:The Science of Freedom(New York:Norton,1996);Isaac Kramnick, ed.,The Portable Enlightenment Reader(New York:Penguin Books,1995);Anthony Pagden, The Enlighten-ment:And Why It Still Matters(New York:Random House,2013).
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1702909994 [31]引自Kramnick, The Portable Enlightenment Reader, p.388。
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1702909996 [32]William Godwin, An Enquiry concerning Political Justice, and Its Influ-ence on General Virtue and Happiness(Harmondsworth, UK:Penguin Books,1976),pp.140,168.
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1702909998 [33]Frederick C.Beiser, The Fate of Reason:German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1987);Isaiah Berlin, The Proper Study of Mankind:An Anthology of Essays(New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,1998),pp.243—268;Max Horkheimer, Eclipse of Reason(New York:Continuum,2004).
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1702910000 [34]Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue:A Study in Moral Theory(Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press,1981),p.6.其他强调我们无法在伦理或道德原则上达成共识的作品包括:Stuart Hampshire, Morality and Con-flict(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1984);Bernard Williams, Eth-ics and the Limits of Philosophy(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1985)。
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1702910002 [35]马克斯·韦伯指出了一个相关的观点:“我不知道人们希望如何‘科学地’决定法国和德国文化的价值;因为在这里,现在和将来的任何时候,不同的神也在相互斗争。”Max Weber,“Science as a Vocation,”in From Max We-ber:Essays in Sociology, ed.and trans.H.H.Gerth and C.Wright Mills(New York:Oxford University Press,1971),p.148.
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1702910004 [36]这一段中的所有引用都来自Brad S.Gregory, The Unintended Refor-mation:How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society(Cambridge, MA:Har-vard University Press,2012),p.21。
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1702910006 [37]Brian Leiter,“Legal Realism and Legal Positivism Reconsidered,”Eth-ics 111,no.2(January 2001):285.
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1702910008 [38]Richard A.Posner, Economic Analysis of Law,9th ed.(New York:Wolters Kluwer Law&Business,2014).
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1702910010 [39]这一段中的引用来自Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle(Cam-bridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2000),pp.3,69。
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1702910012 [40]Dworkin, A Matter of Principle, p.162.
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1702910014 [41]The Essential Holmes:Selections from the Letters, Speeches, Judicial O-pinions, and Other Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.,ed.Richard A.Pos-ner(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992),p.107.
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1702910016 [42]“Why Obama Voted against Roberts,”Wall Street Journal, June 2,2009.
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1702910018 [43]Irving Kristol,“Some Personal Reflections on Economic Well-Beingand Income Distribution,”in The American Economy in Transition, ed.Martin Feld-stein(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1980),p.486.英国经济学家莱昂内尔·罗宾斯(Lionel Robins)同样指出,经济学“与规范和目的无关,它严格关注为特定目的而分配稀缺手段的模式构建”。引自S.M.Amadae, Ration-alizing Capitalist Democracy:The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberal-ism(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2003),p.91。
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1702910020 [44]C.Bradley Thompson with Yaron Brook, Neoconservatism:An Obituary for an Idea(Boulder, CO:Paradigm Publishers,2010),pp.68,106.
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1702910022 [45]Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1953),p.5.
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1702910024 [46]Strauss, An Introduction to Political Philosophy, p.5.
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1702910026 [47]Strauss, Natural Right and History, p.6.
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1702910028 [48]Strauss, Natural Right and History, pp.26—27,253;Strauss, An Intro-duction to Political Philosophy, pp.94—98.也可参见John G.Gunnell,“Strauss before Straussianism:Reason, Revelation, and Nature,”Review of Politics, spe-cial issue on the thought of Leo Strauss,53,no.1(Winter 1991):72—73;Lau-rence Lampert, Leo Strauss and Nietzsche(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1996),他认为尼采、柏拉图和施特劳斯都明白理性不能提供最终的真理,但它们之间的区别在于柏拉图和施特劳斯更愿意向公众隐瞒生活的这一关键事实,而尼采则在他的著作中大声而清晰地宣布了这一点。
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1702910030 [49]Jonathan Haidt,“The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail:A Social In-tuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment,”Psychological Review 108,no.4(Octo-ber 2001):827.
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1702910032 [50]个人有时很少有时间思考,因此别无选择,只能根据直觉作出快速的判断。或者,有些人可能对一个问题的推理不感兴趣,因为它涉及艰苦的工作,而且可能会得出不受欢迎的结论。Alan Jacobs, How to Think:A Survival Guide for a World at Odds(New York:Currency,2017).
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