1702910033
1702910034
[51]丹尼尔·卡尼曼(Daniel Kahneman)坚持认为,有两个体系影响我们的思考方式:第一个体系涉及快速思考,主要依赖直觉;在第二个体系中,思考速度较慢,并且依赖于仔细的推理。Kahneman, Thinking Fast and Slow(NewYork:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,2011),特别是第一部分。也可参见Richard H.Thaler and Cass R.Sunstein, Nudge:Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness, rev.ed.(New York:Penguin,2009),它区分了自动(Automatic)和反映(Reflective)体系。这两种认知过程之间的区别广泛地反映在心理学文献中。
1702910035
1702910036
[52]Antonio Damasio, Descartes’Error:Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain(New York:Penguin Books,2005).
1702910037
1702910038
[53]例如,海特(Haidt)写道:“社会直觉主义模型的核心主张是,道德判断是由快速的道德直觉引起的,并在需要时伴随着缓慢的、事后的道德推理。”Haidt,“The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail,”p.817.一些学者认为,我们的批判能力随着时间的推移而发展,不是为了帮助我们发现真相和作出明智的决定,而是为了帮助我们赢得与他人的争论。Patricia Cohen,“Reason Seen More as Weapon than Path to Truth,”New York Times, June 14,2011;Hugo Mercier and Dan Sperber,“Why Do Humans Reason?Arguments for an Argu-mentative Theory,”Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34,no.2(April 2011):57—74.
1702910039
1702910040
[54]David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature(London:Clarendon Press,1896),pp.415,457.
1702910041
1702910042
[55]John Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action(New York:Capricorn Books,1963),p.70.
1702910043
1702910044
[56]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.79.
1702910045
1702910046
[57]John J.Mearsheimer,“The Aims of Education,”Philosophy and Liter-ature 22,no.1(April 1998):137—155.
1702910047
1702910048
[58]Michael Powell,“A Redoubt of Learning Holds Firm,”New York Times, September 3,2012.
1702910049
1702910050
[59]Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The First and Second Discourses, ed.Roger D.Masters, trans.Roger D.Masters and Judith R.Masters(New York:St.Martin’s Press,1964),p.79.
1702910051
1702910052
[60]自由主义者和其他强调个人主义、轻视社会或共同体重要性的人通常承认,在自然状态下,人类不可能是原子论的个体,而且每个人必须由社会中的其他人养育。尽管如此,他们相信这个虚构的故事是思考人类状况的一个有用的理论工具。虽然这种方法有其优点,但其最大缺陷在于人类的社会性质,这对于理解世界是如何运作的非常重要,但这一点恰恰被忽视了。Jean Hampton,“Contract and Consent,”in A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, ed.Robert E.Goodin and Philip Pettit(Malden, MA:Blackwell,2007),pp.379—382.
1702910053
1702910054
[61]Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe:An Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criti-cism, ed.Michael Shinagel,2nd ed.(New York:Norton,1994),p.310.
1702910055
1702910056
[62]Pagel, Wired for Culture.
1702910057
1702910058
[63]休谟认为“欲望和自然情感的激情”使得人类社会“不可避免”。Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, p.486.
1702910059
1702910060
[64]Emile Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method, trans.Sarah A.Solovay and John H.Mueller,8th ed.(New York:Free Press,1938),p.103.
1702910061
1702910062
[65]Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans.and ed.Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith(New York:International Publishers,1971),p.324.
1702910063
1702910064
[66]耶尔·塔米尔强调了允许个人最大限度地灵活选择满足其需求和愿望的文化的重要性。Tamir, Liberalism and Nationalism(Princeton, NJ:Prince-ton University Press,1993).
1702910065
1702910066
[67]参见Christoph Frei, Hans J.Morgenthau:An Intellectual Biography(Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,2001);Peter Graf Kielman-segg, Horst Mewes, and Elisabeth Glaser-Schmidt, eds.,Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss:German Emigrés and American Political Thought after World War II(New York:Cambridge University Press,1997),chaps.4—8;Mark Lilla,“Leo Strauss:The European,”New York Review of Books, October 21,2004;William E.Scheuerman, Morgenthau(Malden, MA:Polity Press,2009);Mi-chael C.Williams, ed.,Realism Reconsidered:The Legacy of Hans J.Morgen-thau in International Relations(New York:Oxford University Press,2007)。
1702910067
1702910068
[68]Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed.J.G.A.Pocock(Indianapolis:Hackett Publishing,1987),p.85.
1702910069
1702910070
[69]法治是一个有时与自由民主有关的概念。然而,所有的社会都需要一套规则体系来有效运作。即使是纳粹德国也有一套完善的规则体系,但这并不是说这些规则是公正的。参见Alan E.Steinweis and Robert D.Rachlin, eds.,The Law in Nazi Germany:Ideology, Opportunism, and the Perversion of Justice(New York:Berghahn,2013);Michael Stolle is and Thomas Dunlap, eds.,The Law under the Swastika:Studies on Legal History under Nazi Germany(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1998)。
1702910071
1702910072
[70]在我的叙事中,无政府状态并不意味着无序或混乱,而是一种秩序原则,它表明一个社会或政治体系没有更高的权威。有了等级制度,就有了最高权威。参见Kenneth N.Waltz, Theory of International Politics(Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley,1979),pp.102—116。
1702910073
1702910074
[71]引自Sarah Boseley,“Power to the People,”Guardian, August 11,2008。巴拉克·奥巴马也发表了同样的评论。参见William Finnegan,“The Candidate:How the Son of a Kenyan Economist Became an Illinois Everyman,”New Yorker, May 31,2004。
1702910075
1702910076
[72]Jack Knight, Institutions and Social Conflict(New York:Cambridge U-niversity Press,1992).
1702910077
1702910078
[73]Harold D.Lasswell, Politics Who Gets What, When, How(New York:Whittlesey House,1936).
1702910079
1702910080
[74]我讨论了无政府状态下规则的局限性,参见John J.Mearsheimer,“The False Promise of International Institutions,”International Security 19,no.3(Winter 1994/95):5—49。
1702910081
1702910082
[75]Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has De-clined(New York:Viking,2011),chaps.2—3.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.702910033e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]