打字猴:1.7029103e+09
1702910300 [184]自由理想主义对国家的矛盾心理在格林关于政治义务原则的讲座中得到了清晰的体现。英国理论家不能完全接受黑格尔的另一个原因是19世纪末20世纪初越来越激烈的英德对抗,这在第一次世界大战中达到顶峰。参见Morefield, Covenants without Swords, pp.57—72。
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1702910302 [185]Green, Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, p.2.
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1702910304 [186]Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, p.388.
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1702910306 [187]Green, Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, p.29.
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1702910308 [188]Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, p.311.
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1702910310 [189]L.T.Hobhouse, Liberalism(London:Butterworth,1911),p.136.
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1702910312 [190]Green, Prolegomena to Ethics, p.311.
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1702910314 [191]A.D.Lindsay,“Introduction,”in Green, Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation, p.vi.
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1702910316 [192]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.70.
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1702910318 [193]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.69.
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1702910320 [194]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, p.65.
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1702910322 [195]Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action, pp.72,73,86,91.
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1702910324 [196]关于默里和齐默恩,参见Morefield, Covenants without Swords。
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1702910326 [197]Zimmern, Nationality and Government with Other War-Time Essays, p.61.
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1702910328 [198]Morefield, Covenants without Swords, p.156.
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1702910330 [199]社群主义者一直是自由主义的假定的主要批评者,用迈克尔·桑德尔(Michael Sandel)的话来说,其假定是人类天生就是“无负担”的个体。对于社群主义者和自由主义者在这个问题和其他问题上的争论的抽样调查,参见Shlomo Avineri and Avner de-Shalit, Communitarianism and Individualism(New York:Oxford University Press,2011)。桑德尔的引用出自第18页。
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1702910332 [200]民族是一个抽象的概念,它不能采取行动,但我用这个词简略指出其成员,特别是其精英,他们有能动性并且有能力采取行动以推进他们的政治目标,如国家性(statehood)。当我使用国家一词时,同样的逻辑也是适用的,在此情况下,拥有能动性的是政治领导人。
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1702910334 [201]参见Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism(Ithaca, NY:Cornell Uni-versity Press,1983),p.1。我对民族主义的定义类似于很多学者的定义。例如,参见John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State(Chicago:University of Chica-go Press,1985),pp.1—3;Ernst B.Haas,“What Is Nationalism and Why Should We Study It?”International Organization 40,no.3(Summer 1986):726;E.J.Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780:Programme, Myth, Reality(New York:Cambridge University Press,1991),p.9;Anthony D.Smith, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era(Malden, MA:Polity Press,1995),pp.55,150。
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1702910336 [202]Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities:Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism(London:Verso,1990);David A.Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France:Inventing Nationalism,1680—1800(Cambridge, MA:Har-vard University Press,2001);William H.Sewell Jr.,“The French Revolution and the Emergence of the Nation Form,”in Revolutionary Currents:Nation Building in the Transatlantic World, ed.Michael A.Morrison and Melinda Zook(Lanham, MD:Rowman and Littlefield,2004),pp.91—125.
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1702910338 [203]在民族出现之前的一些大的群体是相当明确的,并且很容易演变成民族。例如,荷兰人、英国人、法国人、波兰人和俄罗斯人在每一个群体成为一个民族之前就已经形成了一个独特的身份,这使得向民族性的过渡相对简单。用罗纳德·萨尼(Ronald G.Suny)的话说,它们从“文化或民族意识”转向“全面的政治民族主义,即积极致力于实现国家议程”。Ronald G.Suny, The Re-venge of the Past:Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union(Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press,1993),p.48.然而,还有其他一些情况,最终出现的民族与其前身之间的联系更加脆弱。例如包括阿塞拜疆人、白俄罗斯人、意大利人和立陶宛人,它们在成为民族之前没有特定的身份。其他的地方和社会身份对它们而言是主要的,这必然意味着国家必须竭尽全力将它们塑造成民族。有关民族与其前身之间的联系的主要著作包括John Armstrong, Nations before Nationalism(Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1982);Patrick J.Geary, The Myth of Nations:The Medieval Origins of Europe(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2003);Philip S.Gorski,“The Mosaic Moment:An Early Modernist Critique of Modernist Theories of Na-tionalism,”American Journal of Sociology 105,no.5(March 2000):1428—1468;Anthony W.Marx, Faith in Nation:Exclusionary Origins of Nationalism(New York:Oxford University Press,2003);Miroslav Hroch, European Na-tions:Explaining Their Formation, trans.Karolina Graham(New York:Verso,2015),chap.3;Philip G.Roeder, Where Nation-States Come From:Institution-al Change in the Age of Nationalism(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2007);Anthony D.Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations(New York:Basil Blackwell,1989)。
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1702910340 [204]Anderson, Imagined Communities.
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1702910342 [205]随着民族主义的到来,社会群体之间的界限变得越来越僵化,越来越难以渗透,参见Fredrik Barth, ed.,Ethnic Groups and Boundaries:The Social Or-ganization of Culture Difference(Long Grove, IL:Waveland Press,1998).詹姆斯·斯科特(James Scott)讨论了位于民族国家之外的“社会结构的全然可塑性”。在那个世界里,“群体之间的界限是可以渗透的,认同是灵活的”。James Scott, The Art of Not Being Governed:An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia(New Haven, CT:Yale University Press,2009),pp.219,249.
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1702910344 [206]对于民族主义与“主张所有公民平等、自由”之间的紧密联系的讨论,参见Dominique Schnapper,“Citizenship and National Identity in Europe,”Na-tions and Nationalism 8,no.1(January 2002):1—14。此处引用来自该书第2页。
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1702910346 [207]Anderson, Imagined Communities, p.16.
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1702910348 [208]Geary, The Myth of Nations, p.118.他还写道:“随着效忠、通婚、变革和占有的不断变化,似乎所有保持不变的只是名字,而这些名字是可以在不同时间容纳不同内容的容器。”也可参见Norman Davies, Vanished Kingdoms:The Rise and Fall of States and Nations(New York:Penguin Books,2011),特别是chaps.1—6。
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