1702910433
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[251]Sewell,“The French Revolution and the Emergence of the Nation Form,”p.98.
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1702910436
[252]Jackson, Sovereignty, p.32.
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[253]Joseph R.Strayer and Dana C.Munro, The Middle Ages:395—1500(New York:Appleton-Century-Crofts,1942),pp.113,270.
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[254]关于远距离力量投射的局限,参见Scott, The Art of Not Being Gov-erned, chaps.1—2;David Stasavage,“When Distance Mattered:Geographic Scale and the Development of European Representative Assemblies,”American Political Science Review 104,no.4(November 2010):625—643。
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[255]Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1993),pp.xiv,74.
1702910443
1702910444
[256]Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen(Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press,1976).
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1702910446
[257]Walker Connor,“Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying?”World Poli-tics 24,no.3(April 1972):319—355.
1702910447
1702910448
[258]从斯科特的《逃避统治的艺术》中可以清楚地看出,类似的逻辑也适用于处于国家之外并试图避免被纳入其中的群体。他写道:“在它们能做到的地方……该地区的所有国家都试图将这些民族纳入其日常管理之下,鼓励并且更罕见地坚持语言、文化和宗教与国家核心的大多数人口保持一致”(第12页)。如今,国家的影响范围如此之大,以至于很少有群体继续生活在国家之外。
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1702910450
[259]Benjamin A.Valentino, Final Solutions:Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century(Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,2004),pp.157—166.
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1702910452
[260]Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and Its Fragments:Colonial and Postco-lonial Histories(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1993);Partha Chat-terjee, The Black Hole of Empire:History of a Global Practice of Power(Prince-ton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2012).
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[261]Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism(Ithaca, NY:Cornell Universi-ty Press,1983),p.34.
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[262]上段中所述的经济逻辑具有重要的军事后果。由于财富是军事力量的两个主要组成部分之一,因此任何增长经济的措施都有助于建设一支更强大的军队。参见John J.Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, up-dated ed.(New York:Norton,2014),chap.3。
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1702910458
[263]Barry R.Posen,“Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power,”International Security 18,no.2(Fall 1993):85.
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[264]在19世纪末和20世纪初,奥匈帝国军队的表现反映了由于拥有一个成员群体不完全融合的多民族国家而产生的消极后果。参见Gunther E.Rothenberg, The Army of Francis Joseph(West Lafayette, IN:Purdue University Press,1998),p.108;Spencer C.Tucker, The European Powers in the First World War:An Encyclopedia(New York:Garland Publishing,1996),p.86。也可参见Posen,“Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power”。
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[265]戴维·贝尔(David Bell)解释了民族主义如何使法国领导人在七年战争(1756—1763年)、法国大革命和拿破仑战争(1792—1815年)期间比在前民族时代的战争中更容易动员民众。Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France, chap.3;David A.Bell, The First Total War:Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Knew It(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,2007),chaps.4,6,7.也可参见Michael Howard, War in European History(New York:Oxford Universi-ty Press,2009),chap.6。
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[266]Geoffrey Best, War and Society in Revolutionary Europe,1770—1870(London:Fontana Paperbacks,1982),p.30.
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[267]引自J.F.C.Fuller, Conduct of War:1789—1961(London:Eyre and Spottiswoode,1961),p.46。也可参见Peter Paret,“Nationalism and the Sense of Military Obligation,”in Understanding War:Essays on Clausewitz and the History of Military Power, ed.Peter Paret(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1993),pp.39—52。
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[268]Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed.and trans.Michael Howard and Peter Paret(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1976),p.592.
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[269]Posen,“Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power.”
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1702910472
[270]Marx, Faith in Nation, p.9.
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[271]James C.Scott, Seeing Like a State:How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed(New Haven, CT:Yale University Press,1998),pp.72,78.
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[272]Judith N.Shklar, Political Thought and Political Thinkers, ed.Stanley Hoffmann(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1998),p.4.也见Markus Fis-cher,“The Liberal Peace:Ethical, Historical, and Philosophical Aspects”(BC-SIA Discussion Paper 2000—2007,Kennedy School of Government, Harvard Uni-versity, April 2000),pp.22—27,56。
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[273]Arch Puddington and Tyler Roylance,“Populists and Autocrats:The Dual Threatto Global Democracy,”in Freedom in the World,2017(Washington, DC:FreedomHouse,2017),p.4.
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[274]Jeanne Morefield, Covenants without Swords:Idealist Liberalism and the Spirit of Empire(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2005),p.208.
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[275]Stephen Holmes, Passions and Constraint:On the Theory of Liberal De-mocracy(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1995),p.39.
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