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[284]这个观点体现在以下文献中:Hans Kohn, The Idea of Nationalism(New York:Macmillan,1945);John Plamenatz,“Two Types of Nationalism,”in Nationalism:The Nature and Evolution of an Idea, ed.Eugene Kamenka(Lon-don:Edward Arnold,1976),pp.22—36。
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[285]参见Gregory Jusdanis, The Necessary Nation(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2001),chap.5;Taras Kuzio,“The Myth of the Civic State:A Critical Survey of Hans Kohn’s Framework for Understanding Nationalism,”Ethnic and Racial Studies 25,no.1(January 2002):20—39;Marx, Faith in Na-tion, pp.113—117;Smith, Civic Ideals;Ken Wolf,“Hans Kohn’s Liberal Na-tionalism:The Historian as Prophet,”Journal of the History of Ideas 37,no.4(October-December 1976):651—672;Bernard Yack,“The Myth of the Civic Nation,”Critical Review 10,no.2(Spring 1996):193—211。
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[286]关于以色列,参见Richard Falk and Virginia Tilley,“Israeli Practices toward the Palestinian People and the Question of Apartheid,”Palestine and the Israeli Occupation, Issue No.1(Beirut:United Nations,2017);Yitzhak Laor, The Myths of Liberal Zionism(New York:Verso,2009);Gideon Levy,“Israel’s Minister of Truth,”Haaretz, September 2,2017;Yakov M.Rabkin, What Is Modern Israel?,trans.Fred A.Reed(London:Pluto Press,2016)。关于印度,参见Sumit Ganguly and Rajan Menon,“Democracy à la Modi,”National Inter-est, no.153(January/February 2018),pp.12—24;Christopher Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India(New York:Columbia University Press,1998);Pankaj Mishra,“Narendra Modi and the New Face of India,”Guardian, May 16,2014;Martha C.Nussbaum, The Clash Within:Democracy, Violence, and India’s Future(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2009)。
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[287]自由主义将个人视为效用最大化者的一个很好的例子,参见S.M.Amadae, Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy:The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2003)。
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[288]虽然他们本身并不关心民族主义,但克里斯托弗·阿肯(Christopher H.Achen)和拉里·巴特尔斯(Larry M.Bartels)就美国政治的运作作出了论断,这与我关于自由主义和民族主义之间关系的主张相吻合。具体而言,他们认为美国人的投票行为最好用他们的社会和群体身份来解释,而不是每个人如何评价一个政治家对他最关心的议题上的立场,Democracy for Realists:Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government(Princeton, NJ:Princeton Uni-versity Press,2016)。
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[289]大多数自由主义理论家承认个人有重要的社会关系。例如,约翰·罗尔斯写道:“每个人都会发现自己出生在某个特定社会的某个特定位置,而他的位置的性质会对他的人生前景产生重大影响。”John Rawls, A Theory of Jus-tice(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1971),p.13.此外,在The Law of Peoples:With“The Idea of Public Reason Revisited”(Cambridge, MA:Har-vard University Press,1999)一书中,罗尔斯直接关注的是万民,万民是民族的同义词。《万民法》中的许多分析都聚焦于个人,这无疑是他另两本开创性著作中关注的焦点。A Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism, expanded ed.(New York:Columbia University Press,2005).然而,基于个人主义的理论不能同时强调人们是高度社会化的,因为这两种观点是相互矛盾的。事实上,罗尔斯在这一点上受到了批评。例如,参见Andrew Kuper,“Rawlsian Global Justice:Beyond the Law of Peoples to a Cosmopolitan Law of Persons,”Political Theory 28,no.5(October 2000):640—674;Thomas W.Pogge,“The Incoher-ence between Rawls’s Theories of Justice,”Fordham Law Review 72,no.5(April 2004):1739—1759。关于罗尔斯的批评者和拥护者之间的争论的汇总,参见Gillian Brock, Global Justice:A Cosmopolitan Account(New York:Oxford Uni-versity Press,2009),chap.2。
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[290]参见Paul W.Kahn, Putting Liberalism in Its Place(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,2005)。
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[291]Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire:A Study in Nineteenth-Cen-tury British Liberal Thought(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1999),pp.117—118.
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[292]它写道:“上述声明中所宣称和主张的权利和自由是这个王国的人民的真实、古老和不可动摇的权利和自由。”“English Bill of Rights 1689,”TheAvalon Project at the Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17thcentury/england.asp.
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[293]Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America;Rawls, The Law of Peoples.
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[294]参见Otto Hintze,“The Formation of States and Constitutional Develop-ment:A Study in History and Politics,”and“Military Organization and the Or-ganization of the State,”in The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze, ed.Felix Gil-bert(New York:Oxford University Press,1975),pp.157—215;Harold D.Las-swell,“The Garrison State,”American Journal of Sociology 46,no.4(January 1941):455—468。
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[295]Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism(San Diego:Harcourt,1973),pp.291—292.
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[296]Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, p.300.
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[297]Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, pp.269,299.
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[298]林恩·亨特(Lynn Hunt)称之为“自证的悖论”,她写道:“如果权利平等是如此不证自明的,那么为什么必须作出这种断言,为什么只有在特定的时间和地点才作出这种断言?如果人权没有得到普世的承认,那么如何使其具有普世性呢?”Hunt, Inventing Human Rights:A History(New York:Norton,2007),pp.19—20.
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[299]H.L.A.Hart,“Rawls on Liberty and Its Priority,”in Essays in Juris-prudence and Philosophy(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1983),pp.223—247.
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大幻想:自由主义之梦与国际现实 [300]John Rawls, Political Liberalism, expanded ed.(New York:Columbia University Press,2005),p.162.
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[301]比较杰里米·沃尔德伦(Jeremy Waldron),《仇恨言论的危害》[The Harm in Hate Speech(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2012)]中的观点与迈克尔·麦康奈尔(Michael W.McConnell)对这本书的书评,“You Can’t Say That:A Legal Philosopher Urges Americans to Punish Hate Speech,”New York Times, June 24,2012;以及约翰·保罗·史蒂文斯(John Paul Ste-vens)对这本书的书评,“Should Hate Speech Be Outlawed?”New York Review of Books, June 7,2012,pp.18—22。
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[302]John Gray, Two Faces of Liberalism(New York:New Press,2000),p.82.
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[303]John Stuart Mill, On Liberty(Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill,1956),p.13.
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[304]Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars:A Moral Argument with Histor-ical Illustrations(New York:Basic Books,2007),p.268.
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[305]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, p.105.也可参见Giorgio Agamben, State of Exception, trans.Kevin Attell(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2005);Carl J.Friedrich, Constitutional Government and Democracy:Theory and Prac-tice in Europe and America(Boston:Ginn and Company,1946),chap.13;Clin-ton L.Rossiter, Constitutional Dictatorship:Crisis Government in the Modern Democracies(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1948);Fredrick M.Watkins,“The Problem of Constitutional Dictatorship,”in Public Policy:A Yearbook of the Graduate Schoolof Public Administration, Harvard University, ed.C.J.Friedrich and Edward S.Mason(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1940).
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[306]“Inside the Hearts and Minds of Arab Youth,”8th Annual ASDA’A Burson-Marsteller Arab Youth Survey,2016,p. 26.
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[307]Stephen Kinzer,“Rwanda and the Dangers of Democracy,”Boston Globe, July 22,2017.也可参见Stephen Kinzer, A Thousand Hills:Rwanda’s Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed It(Hoboken, NJ:Wiley,2008)。
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[308]“Stability and Comfort over Democracy:Russians Share Preferences in Poll,”RT News, April 3,2014.
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