打字猴:1.702910715e+09
1702910715 [391]John Rawls, The Law of Peoples:With“The Idea of Public Reason Revis-ited”(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,1999),pp.93,113.
1702910716
1702910717 [392]Rawls, The Law of Peoples, pp.89—93.
1702910718
1702910719 [393]John M.Owen,“How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace,”Interna-tional Security 19,no.2(Fall 1994):88—89.
1702910720
1702910721 [394]小布什总统在2003年3月入侵伊拉克前不久表示:“反恐战争中最大的危险是非法政权携带大规模杀伤性武器。”George W.Bush, speech at the A-merican Enterprise Institute(AEI)Annual Dinner, Washington, DC, February 28,2003.关于小布什主义,参见The National Security Strategy of the United States(Washington, DC:White House, September 17,2002)。
1702910722
1702910723 [395]Bush, speech at the AEI Annual Dinner.关于小布什主义,参见The Na-tional Security Strategy of the United States;George W.Bush, address to the West Point Graduating Class, June 1,2002;Robert Jervis,“Understanding the Bush Doctrine,”Political Science Quarterly 118,no.3(Fall 2003):365—388;Jonathan Monten,“The Roots of the Bush Doctrine:Power, Nationalism, and Democracy Promotion in U.S.Strategy,”International Security 29,no.4(Spring 2005):112—156。
1702910724
1702910725 [396]小布什在美国企业研究所年度午餐会上的演讲。
1702910726
1702910727 [397]Henry A.Kissinger, A World Restored:Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace,1812—22(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1957),p.2.
1702910728
1702910729 [398]W.H.Lawrence,“Churchill Urges Patience in Coping with Red Dan-gers,”New York Times, June 27,1954.
1702910730
1702910731 [399]卡尔·施密特指出:“没收‘人性’一词,调用并垄断它,可能会产生一些难以估量的效果,例如否定敌人的人性,宣布敌人丧失人性;因此,在人性上战争可以被推向最极端。”Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, trans.George Schwab(New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press,1976),p.54.尽管政治哲学家迈克尔·沃尔泽与之斗争,但他清楚地承认在正义和非正义的战争中的这种趋势,因为他的目的是限制战争,而不是推动十字军东征。Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars:A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations(New York:Basic Books,2007),chap.7.
1702910732
1702910733 [400]这段中的引用出自Marc Trachtenberg,“The Question of Realism:A Historian’s View,”Security Studies 13,no.1(Autumn 2003):168—169。
1702910734
1702910735 [401]Robert Jackson, Sovereignty:Evolution of an Idea(Malden, MA:Polity Press,2007).
1702910736
1702910737 [402]Stephen D.Krasner, Sovereignty:Organized Hypocrisy(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1999).
1702910738
1702910739 [403]参见John J.Mearsheimer,“The False Promise of International Institu-tions,”International Security 19,no.3(Winter 1994/95):5—49。
1702910740
1702910741 [404]关于三十年战争,参见Geoffrey Parker, ed.,The Thirty Years’War,2nd ed.(New York:Routledge,1998);C.V.Wedgwood, The Thirty Years War(London:Jonathan Cape,1938);Peter H.Wilson, The Thirty Years War:Europe’s Tragedy(Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press,2011)。关于《威斯特伐利亚和约》对开启主权时代的重要性,参见Leo Gross,“The Peace of Westphalia,1648—1948,”American Journal of International Law 42,no.1(January 1948):20—41。然而,一些学者挑战了格罗斯的诠释,参见Andreas Osiander,“Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth,”In-ternational Organization 55,no.2(April 2001):251—287;Derek Croxton,“The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the Origins of Sovereignty,”International History Review 21,no.3(September 1999):569—591。我同意丹尼尔·菲尔波特(Daniel Philpott)的评价:“威斯特伐利亚标志着现代体系的巩固,而不是无中生有地创造了现代体系。这并不是一个瞬间的蜕变,因为3个世纪以来,主权国家的要素确实在积累。”Daniel Philpott,“The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations,”World Politics 52,no.2(January 2000):209.
1702910742
1702910743 [405]Wilson, The Thirty Years War, p.787.
1702910744
1702910745 [406]Marc Trachtenberg,“Intervention in Historical Perspective,”in Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention, ed.Laura W.Reed and Carl Kaysen(Cambridge, MA:American Academy of Arts and Sciences,1993),pp.15—36.
1702910746
1702910747 [407]关于主权和非殖民化规范如何促进欧洲帝国的终结的讨论,参见Neta C.Crawford,“Decolonization as an International Norm:The Evolution of Prac-tices, Arguments, and Beliefs,”in Reed and Kaysen, Emerging Norms of Justi-fied Intervention, pp.37—61。然而,克劳福德强调,皇权和当地人民不断变化的利益和能力也有助于决定最终的结果。
1702910748
1702910749 [408]关于布莱尔1999年的演讲,参见https://www.globalpolicy.org/com-ponent/content/article/154/26026.html。
1702910750
1702910751 [409]“Full Text:Tony Blair’s Speech,”Guardian, March 5,2004,http://www. theguardian.com/politics/2004/mar/05/iraq.iraq.
1702910752
1702910753 [410]Joschka Fischer,“From Confederacy to Federation—Thoughts on the Fi-nality of European Integration”(speech at Humboldt University, Berlin, May 12,2000),http://germanhistorydocs.ghidc.org/subdocument.cfm?documentid=3745.
1702910754
1702910755 [411]Gene M.Lyons and Michael Mastanduno, eds.,Beyond Westphalia?National Sovereignty and International Intervention(Baltimore:Johns Hopkins U-niversity Press,1995);Joseph A.Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereign-ty?The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World(Cheltenham, UK:Edward Elgar,1992).也可参见A.Claire Cutler,“Critical Reflections on the Westphalian Assumptions of International Law and Organization:A Crisis of Le-gitimacy,”Review of International Studies 27,no.2(April 2001):133—150。
1702910756
1702910757 [412]有人可能会认为,自由主义和主权之间的这种紧张关系最终会消失,因为一旦世界上只有自由民主国家,它们就没有必要干涉彼此的内政了。毕竟,自由民主国家不会严重侵犯人权,并且它们不会互相打仗。因此,主权将再次受到尊重,因为自由主义原则与威斯特伐利亚的主权之间不存在冲突。然而,这一结果假定像英国和美国这样的国家能够成功地在全球范围内传播自由民主,有时则是使用武力的结果。但这种假定是错误的,因为在国外进行社会工程最终失败的概率更高,有时甚至是灾难性的失败,就像小布什主义一样。
1702910758
1702910759 [413]Carl Gershman,“Former Soviet States Stand Up to Russia.Will the U.S.?”Washington Post, September 26,2013.
1702910760
1702910761 [414]Michael McFaul,“Moscow’s Choice,”Foreign Affairs 93,no.6(No-vember/December2014):170.也见David Remnick,“Letter from Moscow:Watching the Eclipse,”New Yorker, August 11 and 18,2014。
1702910762
1702910763 [415]Keith Bradsher,“Some Chinese Leaders Claim U.S.and Britain Are behind Hong Kong Protests,”New York Times, October 10,2014;Zachary Keck,“China Claims US behind Hong Kong Protests,”The Diplomat, October 12,2014.也可参见Chris Buckley,“China Takes Aim at Western Ideas,”New York Times, August 19,2013。
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