1702910734

1702910735 [401]Robert Jackson, Sovereignty：Evolution of an Idea（Malden, MA：Polity Press，2007）.

1702910736

1702910737 [402]Stephen D.Krasner, Sovereignty：Organized Hypocrisy（Princeton, NJ：Princeton University Press，1999）.

1702910738

1702910739 [403]参见John J.Mearsheimer，“The False Promise of International Institu-tions，”International Security 19，no.3（Winter 1994/95）：5—49。

1702910740

1702910741 [404]关于三十年战争，参见Geoffrey Parker, ed.，The Thirty Years’War，2nd ed.（New York：Routledge，1998）；C.V.Wedgwood, The Thirty Years War（London：Jonathan Cape，1938）；Peter H.Wilson, The Thirty Years War：Europe’s Tragedy（Cambridge, MA：Harvard University Press，2011）。关于《威斯特伐利亚和约》对开启主权时代的重要性，参见Leo Gross，“The Peace of Westphalia，1648—1948，”American Journal of International Law 42，no.1（January 1948）：20—41。然而，一些学者挑战了格罗斯的诠释，参见Andreas Osiander，“Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth，”In-ternational Organization 55，no.2（April 2001）：251—287；Derek Croxton，“The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the Origins of Sovereignty，”International History Review 21，no.3（September 1999）：569—591。我同意丹尼尔·菲尔波特（Daniel Philpott）的评价：“威斯特伐利亚标志着现代体系的巩固，而不是无中生有地创造了现代体系。这并不是一个瞬间的蜕变，因为3个世纪以来，主权国家的要素确实在积累。”Daniel Philpott，“The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations，”World Politics 52，no.2（January 2000）：209.

1702910742

1702910743 [405]Wilson, The Thirty Years War, p.787.

1702910744

1702910745 [406]Marc Trachtenberg，“Intervention in Historical Perspective，”in Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention, ed.Laura W.Reed and Carl Kaysen（Cambridge, MA：American Academy of Arts and Sciences，1993），pp.15—36.

1702910746

1702910747 [407]关于主权和非殖民化规范如何促进欧洲帝国的终结的讨论，参见Neta C.Crawford，“Decolonization as an International Norm：The Evolution of Prac-tices, Arguments, and Beliefs，”in Reed and Kaysen, Emerging Norms of Justi-fied Intervention, pp.37—61。然而，克劳福德强调，皇权和当地人民不断变化的利益和能力也有助于决定最终的结果。

1702910748

1702910749 [408]关于布莱尔1999年的演讲，参见https：//www.globalpolicy.org/com-ponent/content/article/154/26026.html。

1702910750

1702910751 [409]“Full Text：Tony Blair’s Speech，”Guardian, March 5，2004，http：//www. theguardian.com/politics/2004/mar/05/iraq.iraq.

1702910752

1702910753 [410]Joschka Fischer，“From Confederacy to Federation—Thoughts on the Fi-nality of European Integration”（speech at Humboldt University, Berlin, May 12，2000），http：//germanhistorydocs.ghidc.org/subdocument.cfm？documentid=3745.

1702910754

1702910755 [411]Gene M.Lyons and Michael Mastanduno, eds.，Beyond Westphalia？National Sovereignty and International Intervention（Baltimore：Johns Hopkins U-niversity Press，1995）；Joseph A.Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereign-ty？The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World（Cheltenham, UK：Edward Elgar，1992）.也可参见A.Claire Cutler，“Critical Reflections on the Westphalian Assumptions of International Law and Organization：A Crisis of Le-gitimacy，”Review of International Studies 27，no.2（April 2001）：133—150。

1702910756

1702910757 [412]有人可能会认为，自由主义和主权之间的这种紧张关系最终会消失，因为一旦世界上只有自由民主国家，它们就没有必要干涉彼此的内政了。毕竟，自由民主国家不会严重侵犯人权，并且它们不会互相打仗。因此，主权将再次受到尊重，因为自由主义原则与威斯特伐利亚的主权之间不存在冲突。然而，这一结果假定像英国和美国这样的国家能够成功地在全球范围内传播自由民主，有时则是使用武力的结果。但这种假定是错误的，因为在国外进行社会工程最终失败的概率更高，有时甚至是灾难性的失败，就像小布什主义一样。

1702910758

1702910759 [413]Carl Gershman，“Former Soviet States Stand Up to Russia.Will the U.S.？”Washington Post, September 26，2013.

1702910760

1702910761 [414]Michael McFaul，“Moscow’s Choice，”Foreign Affairs 93，no.6（No-vember/December2014）：170.也见David Remnick，“Letter from Moscow：Watching the Eclipse，”New Yorker, August 11 and 18，2014。

1702910762

1702910763 [415]Keith Bradsher，“Some Chinese Leaders Claim U.S.and Britain Are behind Hong Kong Protests，”New York Times, October 10，2014；Zachary Keck，“China Claims US behind Hong Kong Protests，”The Diplomat, October 12，2014.也可参见Chris Buckley，“China Takes Aim at Western Ideas，”New York Times, August 19，2013。

1702910764

1702910765 [416]Michael Forsythe，“China Issues Report on U.S.Human Rights Re-cord, in Annual Tit for Tat，”New York Times, June 26，2015.

1702910766

1702910767 [417]据五角大楼称，2017年9月，美国驻伊拉克部队约8 900人。Christo-pher Woody，“There’s Confusion about US Troop Levels in the Middle East and Trump May Keep It That Way，”Business Insider, November 28，2017.

1702910768

1702910769 [418]Helene Cooper，“Putting Stamp on Afghan War, Obama Will Send 17 000 Troops，”New York Times, February 17，2009；Eric Schmitt，“Obama Issues Order for More Troops in Afghanistan，”New York Times, November 30，2009；Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Helene Cooper，“Obama Adds Troops, but Maps Exit Plan，”New York Times, December 1，2009；Mark Landler，“U.S.Troops to Leave Afghanistan by End of 2016，”New York Times, May 27，2014.

1702910770

1702910771 [419]Mark Landler，“Obama Says He Will Keep More Troops in Afghanistan than Planned，”New York Times, July 6，2016.

1702910772

1702910773 [420]截至2014年，美国已承诺为阿富汗重建提供1 090亿美元。杜鲁门政府向马歇尔计划承诺了1 034亿美元（经通胀调整）。在阿富汗花费的1 090亿美元中，有620亿美元被用于组建安全部队。Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, Quarterly Report to the United States Congress, July 30，2014，https：//www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2014-07-30qr.pdf.到2016年底，美国在阿富汗的重建上花费了1 170亿美元。Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, Quarterly Report to the United States Congress, January 30，2017，https：//www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2017-01-30qr.pdf.这份报告引用了一项研究，该研究估计，在阿富汗和伊拉克冲突中，“至少有300亿美元，甚至可能高达600亿美元，因合同浪费和欺诈而损失”。

1702910774

1702910775 [421]关于利比亚惨败的详细讨论，参见Foreign Affairs Committee, British House of Commons，“Libya：Examination of Intervention and Collapse and the UK’s Future Policy Options，”September 9，2016。也见Jo Becker and Scott Shane，“The Libya Gamble，”Parts 1 and 2，New York Times, February 27，2016，https：//www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/us/politics/hillary-clinton-libya.html and https：//www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/us/politics/libya-isis-hillary-clinton.html；Alan J.Kuperman，“A Model Humanitarian Intervention？Reassess-ing NATO’s Libya Campaign，”International Security 38，no.1（Summer 2013）：105—136；Dominic Tierney，“The Legacy of Obama’s‘Worst Mistake，’”At-lantic Monthly, April 15，2016。

1702910776

1702910777 [422]Tim Anderson, The Dirty War on Syria：Washington, Regime Change and Resistance（Montreal：Global Research Publishers，2016）；Stephen Gowns, Washington’s Long War on Syria（Montreal：Baraka Books，2017）；Mark Maz-zetti, Adam Goldman, and Michael S.Schmidt，“Behind the Death of a＄1 Bil-lion Secret C.I.A.War in Syria，”New York Times, August 2，2017；Jeffrey D.Sachs，“America’s True Role in Syria，”Project Syndicate, August 30，2016.

1702910778

1702910779 [423]Scott Wilson and Joby Warrick，“Assad Must Go, Obama Says，”Washington Post, August 18，2011；Steven Mufson，“‘Assad Must Go’：These 3 Little Words Are Huge Obstacle for Obama on Syria，”Washington Post, Octo-ber 19，2015.

1702910780

1702910781 [424]Mazzetti, Goldman, and Schmidt，“Behind the Death of a＄1 Billion Secret C.I.A.War in Syria.”

1702910782

1702910783 [425]叙利亚人口2 300万，其中约610万是在国内的流离失所者，480万是生活在叙利亚境外的难民。大约1 350万叙利亚人需要人道主义援助。Unit-ed Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs，“Syrian Arab Re-public，”http：//www.unocha.org/syria.

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