1702910850
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[459]James Madison,“Political Observations.April 20,1795,”in Letters and Other Writings of James Madison, vol.4(New York:Worthington,1884),p.492.也见Michael C.Desch,“America’s Liberal Illiberalism:The Ideological Origins of Overreaction in U.S.Foreign Policy,”International Security 32,no.3(Winter2007/8):7—43;David C.Hendrickson, Republic in Peril:American Empire and the Liberal Tradition(New York:Oxford University Press,2018),especially chap.4。
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[460]关于军事化的自由主义国家如何最终在国内推行军事化政策的讨论,参见Radley Balko, Rise of the Warrior Cop:The Militarization of America’s Po-lice Forces(New York:Public Affairs,2013),特别是第七章和第八章;Ber-nard E.Harcourt, The Counterrevolution:How Our Government Went to War a-gainst Its Own Citizens(New York:Basic Books,2018)。
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1702910855
[461]James Risen, State of War:The Secret History of the CIA and the Bush Administration(New York:Free Press,2006);James Risen, Pay Any Price:Greed, Power, and Endless War(New York:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,2014).也可参见Dana Priest and William M.Arkin, Top Secret America:The Rise of the New American Security State(New York:Back Bay Books,2011);Charlie Savage, Power Wars:The Relentless Rise of Presidential Authority and Secrecy(New York:Back Bay,2017)。
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[462]Glenn Greenwald, No Place to Hide:Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S.Surveillance State(New York:Picador,2015),chap.5.
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1702910859
[463]Jonathan Easley,“Obama Says His Is‘Most Transparent Administra-tion’Ever,”The Hill, February 14,2013.
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[464]这些定义取自John J.Mearsheimer, Why Leaders Lie:The Truth aboutLying in International Politics(New York:Oxford University Press,2011),chap.1。
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[465]这一问题在美国尤为严重,因为其庞大的规模和得天独厚的地理条件使其成为一个非常安全的国家。因此,美国公众强烈倾向于不选择战争。
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[466]Lee Ferran,“America’s Top Spy James Clapper:‘I Made a Mistake but I Did Not Lie,’”ABC News, February 17,2016;Glenn Kessler,“Clapper’s‘Least Untruthful’Statement to the Senate,”Washington Post, June 12,2013;Abby D.Phillip,“James Clapper Apologizes to Congress for‘Clearly Errone-ous’Testimony,”ABC News, July 2,2013.
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[467]Risen, State of War.
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[468]Greenwald, No Place to Hide.
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[469]Jennifer Martinez,“Wyden Warns Data Collection under Patriot Act Is‘Limitless,’”The Hill, July 23,2013.
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[470]Greenwald, No Place to Hide, pp.27—30,127—130,229—230,251.
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[471]Siobhan Gorman,“Secret Court’s Oversight Gets Scrutiny,”Wall Street Journal, June 9,2013.
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[472]Thomas A.Durkin,“Permanent States of Exception:A Two-Tiered System of Criminal Justice Courtesy of the Double Government Wars on Crime, Drugs&Terror,”Valparaiso University Law Review 50,no 2(Winter 2016):419—492.
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[473]Spencer Ackerman,“Obama Lawyers Asked Secret Court to Ignore Pub-lic Court’s Decision on Spying,”Guardian, June 9,2015;Charlie Savage and Jonathan Weisman,“NSA Collection of Bulk Call Data Is Ruled Illegal,”New York Times, May 7,2015.
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[474]“Guantanamo by the Numbers,”American Civil Liberties Union, March 2017,https://www. aclu.org/infographic/guantanamo-numbers.为了进行比较,2013年8月12日,关塔那摩有149名在押人员,其中37人被指定无限期拘留,79人被释放但仍被拘留。“By the Numbers,”Miami Herald, August 12,2013,http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/guan-tanamo/article1928628.html.
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1702910883
[475]Mark Fallon, Unjustifiable Means:The Inside Story of How the CIA, Pentagon, and US Government Conspired to Torture(New York:Regan Arts,2017).
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1702910885
[476]Amrit Singh, Globalizing Torture:CIA Secret Detention and Extraordi-nary Rendition(New York:Open Society Foundation,2013).
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[477]这并不是否认在某些情况下,逮捕恐怖分子嫌疑人是不可行的,因此美国决策者别无选择,只能暗杀或放手。然而,在此的重点是可能抓获嫌疑人,但由于涉及与被拘留者打交道的所有法律问题,结果的决定却是杀了嫌疑人的案件。
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1702910889
[478]Jo Becker and Scott Shane,“Secret‘Kill List’Proves a Test of Obama’s Principlesand Will,”New York Times, May 29,2012;Clive Stafford Smith,“Who’s Getting Killed Today?,”Times Literary Supplement, June 28,2017.
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[479]Micah Zenko,“How Barack Obama Has Tried to Open Up the One-Si-ded Drone War,”Financial Times, May 23,2013.2016年1月,津科(Zenko)写道:“虽然小布什总统批准了大约50次无人机袭击,在也门、巴基斯坦和索马里造成296名恐怖分子和195名平民死亡,但奥巴马批准了506次袭击,造成3 040名恐怖分子和391名平民死亡。”Micah Zenko,“Obama’s Embrace of Drone Strikes Will Be a Lasting Legacy,”New York Times, January 12,2016.也可参见Micah Zenko,“Do Not Believe the U.S.Government’s Official Num-bers on Drone Strike Civilian Casualties:It’s Way, Way Too Low,”Foreign Policy, July 5,2016;“Get the Data:Drone Wars,”The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, September 13,2016,https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/cate-gory/projects/drones/drones-graphs/。
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[480]Tom Engelhardt, Shadow Government:Surveillance, Secret Wars, and a GlobalSecurity State in a Single-Superpower World(Chicago:Haymarket Books,2014),pp.88—89.
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[481]引自Doyle McManus,“Who Reviews the U.S.Kill List?,”Los An-geles Times, February 5,2012。
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[482]这并不是否认两极或多极体系下的大国竞争让他们别无选择,而只能在和平时期,当然也会在战时保留大量军事力量,这可能对公民自由造成威胁。然而,在单极体系中,单一大国有减少其军事规模和避免战争的选择,只因为它是如此强大。在此情况下,唯一的极国家的外交政策不会威胁到国内的自由主义。另一方面,自由主义霸权确保了单极将最终建立起庞大的军事系统,并沉迷于战争。
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[483]这一段和下两段中的所有引用都出自James C.Scott, Seeing Like a State:How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed(New Haven, CT:Yale University Press,1998),pp.4—5。
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