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[534]有人可能会认为,这一体系中其他经济上相互依存的国家将努力阻止这两个竞争对手的相互斗争,因为担心随后的战争会损害中立国家的经济。然而,正如尤金·霍尔茨和达里尔·普雷斯所指出的:“战争对中立国家造成的成本通常被夸大了;事实上,许多中立国从战争引起的经济变化中的获利微乎其微。”Eugene Gholz and Darryl G.Press,“The Effects of Wars on Neutral Counties:Why It Doesn’t Pay to Preserve the Peace,”Security Studies 10,no.4(Summer 2001):3.
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[535]Jack S.Levy and Katherine Barbieri,“Trading with the Enemy during Wartime,”Security Studies 13,no.3(Spring 2004):2,7.也见Charles H.Anderton and John R.Carter,“The Impact of War on Trade:An Interrupted Time-Series Study,”Journal of Peace Research 38,no.4(July 2001):445—457;Katherine Barbieri and Jack S.Levy,“Sleeping with the Enemy:The Im-pact of War on Trade,”Journal of Peace Research 36,no.4(July 1999):463—479;Katherine Barbieri and Jack S.Levy,“The Trade-Disruption Hypothesis and the Liberal Economic Theory of Peace,”in Globalization and Armed Conflict, ed.Gerald Schneider, Katherine Barbieri, and Nils Petter Gleditsch(Lanham, MD:Rowman&Littlefield,2003),pp.277—298。
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[536]值得注意的是,任何一个国家如果在经济上依赖于它担心可能会与之斗争的国家,都可以减少这种依赖,以便在发生战争时保护自己。James Mor-row,“How Could Trade Affect Conflict?”Journal of Peace Research 36,no.4(July 1999):481—489.也可参见Albert O.Hirschman, National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade(Berkeley:University of California Press,1980),pp.v—xii。
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[537]Peter Liberman, Does Conquest Pay?The Exploitation of Occupied In-dustrial Societies(Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,1998).
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[538]Dale C.Copeland, The Origins of Major War(Ithaca, NY:Cornell U-niversity Press,2000),chaps.3—4.
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[539]短语“少了一颗钉子”出自著名的《莱茵兰寓言》,通常被认为是本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin)所作:
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少了一颗钉子,丢了一块蹄铁;
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少了一块蹄铁,丢了一匹战马;
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少了一匹战马,丢了一个骑手;
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少了一个骑手,丢了一场胜利;
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少了一场胜利,丢了一个国家;
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