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[11] 参见《调整美国公民对墨西哥索赔公约》(Convention for the Adjustment of Claims of Citizens of the United States Against Mexico),1839年4月11日缔结,1840年4月7日在华盛顿交换批文,1840年4月8日公布。关于墨西哥与美国之间仲裁程序的出色讨论,参见Kohl,Claims as a Cause of the Mexican War,30-4。
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[12] 参见《调整美国公民对墨西哥索赔公约》,第7条,1840;Kohl,Claims as a Cause of the Mexican War,33。
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[13] S. Doc. No. 320,27th Congress,2nd Session,Vol. 4,209-55 (1842). 有关未能审查所有索赔的评论,参见John Bassett Moore,History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to Which the United States Has Been a Part,Vol. 2 (Washington,DC:Government Printing Office,1898),1244-48。仲裁员根据案情拒绝了8项索赔,并认为另有10项需要司法审判,不宜仲裁。他们总共接受了索赔要求的三分之二。
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[14] Daniel Webster,The Letters of Daniel Webster:From Documents Owned Principally by the New Hampshire Historical Society,ed. Claude Halstead Van Tyne (New York:McClure,Phillips & Company,1902),269-70.
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[15] “根据1839年4月11日缔结的公约进一步向索赔人提供裁定赔偿款项的公约”,1843年1月30日缔结,1843年3月29日在华盛顿交换批文,1843年3月30日公布。
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[16] Kohl,Claims as a Cause of the Mexican War,54-56.
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[17] James Buchanan to John Slidell,November 10,1854,in S. Doc. No. 52,30th Congress,1st Session,78-79;James K. Polk,The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency,1845 to 1849,Vol. 6,ed. Milo Milton Quaife (Chicago:A. C. McClurg & Co.,1910),33-35 (entry from September 16,1845).
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[18] Kohl,Claims as a Cause of the Mexican War,66.
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[19] James K. Polk,“A special message calling for a declaration of war against Mexico,” Speech to the Congress of the United States,Washington,DC,May 11,1846.
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[20] James K. Polk,“A special message calling for a declaration of war against Mexico,” Speech to the Congress of the United States,Washington,DC,May 11,1846.
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[21] James K. Polk,“A special message calling for a declaration of war against Mexico,” Speech to the Congress of the United States,Washington,DC,May 11,1846.
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[22] 波尔克回忆说,宣战后,他向他的国务卿詹姆斯·布坎南解释说:“尽管我们没有进行以征服为目的的战争,但很显然,在实现和平时,如果切实可行,我们会获取加利福尼亚和墨西哥其他领土以补偿我们对墨西哥的索赔,并支付战争的费用,因为这场战争是因它持续的错误和伤害而迫使我们发动的。”Polk,The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency,397 (entry from May 13,1846).
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[23] U.S. Congress and Thomas Hart Benton,Abridgement of the Debates of Congress,from 1789 to 1856,Vol. 15 (New York:D. Appleton & Company,1861),506.
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[24] Kohl,Claims as a Cause of the Mexican War,72.
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[25] James Polk,“Second Annual Message,” Speech to the Congress of the United States,Washington,DC,December 8,1846.
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[26] James Polk,“Third Annual Message,” Speech to the Congress of the United States,Washington,DC,December 7,1847. 这不是美国和墨西哥第一次就这些诉求考虑战争了。参见,例如 A Treaty of Amity,Commerce,and Navigation,between the United States of America and the United Mexican States,Art. 34,Sec. 3,April 5,1831。
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[27] 1907年《海牙第二公约》禁止发动战争索偿债务,见The Hague conventions of 1899(I)and 1907(I)for the pacific settlement of international disputes (Washington,DC:The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,1915)。第一条规定:“缔约国同意不诉诸武力收回一国政府向另一国政府索偿属于其国民的契约债务。”然而,战争仍可能发动,如果“债务国拒绝或忽略答复仲裁提议,或者在接受提议后,阻止任何妥协以防止达成一致,或在仲裁后未能提交裁决赔偿”。
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[28] 腓特烈大帝也是基于合法权利证明其入侵西里西亚的正当性。参见“Rescript,welches Ihro Konigl. Maytt. von Preussen an Dero Ministrum zu Regensburg,den Geheimten Justitz-Rath von Pollmann ergehen lassen. Anno 1741” in Reinhold Koser,ed.,Preussische Staatsschriften aus der Regierungszeit Konig Friedrichs II (1740-1745) (Berlin:Verlag von Alexander Duncker,1877),89。“由于我们正在应对的奥地利哈布斯堡家族拒绝承认任何帝国的判决,并且我们无法从他们那里期待正义,我们别无选择,只能通过这些手段来表明我们的诉求并维护我们的权利,而这些手段是由造物主和人民的权利赋予君主们的,又因为在他们之上没有可以对其行为进行评判的法官,因而他们必须以主权平等[Prince a Prince aequaliter]的方式相互打交道”[雅各布·班尼特(Jacob Bennett)翻译]。
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[29]DJB,3.3.5-14.
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[30] 通常参见Alan Watson,International Law in Archaic Rome (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993)。
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[31] Livy,Ab Urbe Condita,1.32. 根据哈利卡纳苏斯的狄奥尼修斯(Dionysius of Halicarnassus)的记载,这种身负外交使命的神父将在30天内返回。参见 Antiquitates Romanae,2.72.8。
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[32] Servius,In Vergilii Aenid on libri,9.52.
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[33] 参见Brian Simpson,“The Agincourt Campaign and the Law of War:review of Henry’s Wars and Shakespeare’s Laws:Perspectives on the Law of War in the Later Middle Ages,by T. Meron,” Michigan Journal of International Law 16,no. 3 (1995):653-66。
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[34] M. H. Keen,The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages (London:Routledge & K. Paul,1965),195.
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[35] Randall Lesaffer,“Defensive Warfare,Prevention and Hegemony:The Justifications for the Franco-Spanish War of 1635 (Part I),” Journal of the History of International Law 8 (2006):91-93.
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