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[21] James K. Polk,“A special message calling for a declaration of war against Mexico,” Speech to the Congress of the United States,Washington,DC,May 11,1846.
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[22] 波尔克回忆说,宣战后,他向他的国务卿詹姆斯·布坎南解释说:“尽管我们没有进行以征服为目的的战争,但很显然,在实现和平时,如果切实可行,我们会获取加利福尼亚和墨西哥其他领土以补偿我们对墨西哥的索赔,并支付战争的费用,因为这场战争是因它持续的错误和伤害而迫使我们发动的。”Polk,The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency,397 (entry from May 13,1846).
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[23] U.S. Congress and Thomas Hart Benton,Abridgement of the Debates of Congress,from 1789 to 1856,Vol. 15 (New York:D. Appleton & Company,1861),506.
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[24] Kohl,Claims as a Cause of the Mexican War,72.
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[25] James Polk,“Second Annual Message,” Speech to the Congress of the United States,Washington,DC,December 8,1846.
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[26] James Polk,“Third Annual Message,” Speech to the Congress of the United States,Washington,DC,December 7,1847. 这不是美国和墨西哥第一次就这些诉求考虑战争了。参见,例如 A Treaty of Amity,Commerce,and Navigation,between the United States of America and the United Mexican States,Art. 34,Sec. 3,April 5,1831。
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[27] 1907年《海牙第二公约》禁止发动战争索偿债务,见The Hague conventions of 1899(I)and 1907(I)for the pacific settlement of international disputes (Washington,DC:The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,1915)。第一条规定:“缔约国同意不诉诸武力收回一国政府向另一国政府索偿属于其国民的契约债务。”然而,战争仍可能发动,如果“债务国拒绝或忽略答复仲裁提议,或者在接受提议后,阻止任何妥协以防止达成一致,或在仲裁后未能提交裁决赔偿”。
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[28] 腓特烈大帝也是基于合法权利证明其入侵西里西亚的正当性。参见“Rescript,welches Ihro Konigl. Maytt. von Preussen an Dero Ministrum zu Regensburg,den Geheimten Justitz-Rath von Pollmann ergehen lassen. Anno 1741” in Reinhold Koser,ed.,Preussische Staatsschriften aus der Regierungszeit Konig Friedrichs II (1740-1745) (Berlin:Verlag von Alexander Duncker,1877),89。“由于我们正在应对的奥地利哈布斯堡家族拒绝承认任何帝国的判决,并且我们无法从他们那里期待正义,我们别无选择,只能通过这些手段来表明我们的诉求并维护我们的权利,而这些手段是由造物主和人民的权利赋予君主们的,又因为在他们之上没有可以对其行为进行评判的法官,因而他们必须以主权平等[Prince a Prince aequaliter]的方式相互打交道”[雅各布·班尼特(Jacob Bennett)翻译]。
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[29]DJB,3.3.5-14.
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[30] 通常参见Alan Watson,International Law in Archaic Rome (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1993)。
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[31] Livy,Ab Urbe Condita,1.32. 根据哈利卡纳苏斯的狄奥尼修斯(Dionysius of Halicarnassus)的记载,这种身负外交使命的神父将在30天内返回。参见 Antiquitates Romanae,2.72.8。
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[32] Servius,In Vergilii Aenid on libri,9.52.
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[33] 参见Brian Simpson,“The Agincourt Campaign and the Law of War:review of Henry’s Wars and Shakespeare’s Laws:Perspectives on the Law of War in the Later Middle Ages,by T. Meron,” Michigan Journal of International Law 16,no. 3 (1995):653-66。
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[34] M. H. Keen,The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages (London:Routledge & K. Paul,1965),195.
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[35] Randall Lesaffer,“Defensive Warfare,Prevention and Hegemony:The Justifications for the Franco-Spanish War of 1635 (Part I),” Journal of the History of International Law 8 (2006):91-93.
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[36] 例如,参见Emer de Vattel,The Law of Nations;or,Principles of the Law of Nature,Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns,trans. Joseph Chitty (Philadelphia:T & J. W. Johnson & Co.,Law Booksellers,1867 [1758]),3.4.58。
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[37] Lesaffer,“Defensive Warfare,Prevention and Hegemony,” 92.
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[38] William Shakespeare,Henry V,Act 2,Scene 4,77-105;Theodor Meron,“Shakespeare’s Henry the Fifth and the Law of War,” The American Journal of International Law 86,no. 1 (1992):1-45.
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[39] 这些规则的确为最后通牒提供了另一种选择:只要一个国家让对方知悉自己的诉求并给予其合理的反应时间,这个国家就可以同时发动攻击并宣战。参见Grotius,DJB,3.3.13;Emer de Vattel,The Law of Nations;or,Principles of the Law of Nature,Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns,trans. Joseph Chitty(Philadelphia:T & J. W. Johnson & Co.,Law Booksellers,1867[1758]),3.4.60;Henry Wheaton,Elements of International Law:With a Sketch of the History of the Science(Philadelphia:Carey,Lea & Blanchard,1836),213。因为事先告知敌人要发动攻击,在战略上通常是不可取的,因此这个替代程序就变成了通行的做法。1881年,当一个英法联合财团考虑在英吉利海峡建造一条铁路隧道时,英国军方担心隧道可能被用来发动对自己的突然袭击,于是委托进行一项研究,以明确各国是否在发动袭击之前会发出事先警告。该研究的作者报告说,它们不会。在1700~1882年爆发的177场战争中,事先宣告的战争只有10起。参见John Frederick Maurice,Hostilities Without Declarations of War(London:W. Clowes & Sons,1883)。
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[40] 例如,参见Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.4.52,55,and 64;Henry Wheaton,Elements of International Law:With a Sketch of the History of the Science (Philadelphia:Carey,Lea & Blanchard,1836),213。
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[41] John Milton,“A Manifesto of the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England,Scotland,Ireland &c.,” in The Prose Works of John Milton,Vol. 2,ed. R.W. Griswold (Philadelphia:Herman Hooker,1845),464-76.
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[42]Contra falsas francor(um)litteras 1491 pro defensione honoris serenissimi Roman(orum)Regis semper Augusti (Augsburg,1492).
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[43]Contra falsas francor(um)litteras 1491 pro defensione honoris serenissimi Roman (orum)Regis semper Augusti (Augsburg,1492).,2r. (“Cum nemo sit qui nesciat francos gallos….”).
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[44] Mantegna to Francesco II Gonzaga,Margrave of Mantua,October 12,1494,in Carteggio inedito d’artisti dei secoli ⅩⅠⅤ,ⅩⅤ,ⅩⅤⅠ,eds. Giovanni Gaye et al. (Florence:Presso Giuseppe Molini:1839),326-27 (translated by William Holste). 关于查理的类似描述,参见Samuele Romanin,Storia documentata di Venezia,Vol. 5 (Venice:Tipografia di Pietro Naratovich,1856),13。
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[45] Mantegna to Francesco II Gonzaga,Margrave of Mantua,October 12,1494,in Carteggio inedito d’artisti dei secoli ⅩⅠⅤ,ⅩⅤ,ⅩⅤⅠ,eds. Giovanni Gaye et al.(“magis semper proditionibus que justi belli potentia aut strenuitate uti solitos:verum etiam varia fictaque mendatia et litteris et nunciis passim vulgare sollere:quibus suas versutas ac perfidas proditiones ob umbrent:et credulum vulgus inanibus suis nugis atque jactantiis pascant….”).
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