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1702914565
[78] Xenophon,Cyropaedia:The Education of Cyrus,trans. Henry Graham Dakyns (London:J. M. Dent & Sons,1914),240.
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[79] “国际法”这个术语由律师、哲学家杰米里·边沁(Jeremy Bentham)在1780年创造出来。参见Jeremy Bentham,An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation,eds. J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart (London:Athlone Press,1970),296 and n. x(“必须承认,‘国际的’这个词是个新词”)。
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[80]DJB,2.22.8.
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[81]DJB,2.22.12.
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[82]DJB,2.22.9.
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[83] Bartolome de las Casas,A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies,trans. Nigel Griffin (London:Penguin,1992).
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[84] 关于西班牙王国对人道主义主张接受过程的探讨,参见Tuck,The Rights of War and Peace,72-75;安东尼·帕戈登(Anthony Pagden)为维多利亚作序之 Vitoria:Political Writings,eds. Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991),xxvii。西班牙人征服的最初理由源于教宗的捐赠和印第安人自然奴役观。维多利亚在他的《美国印第安人》(“On the American Indians”)一文中,将这些观点去合法化了。参见Vitoria,Political Writings,Question 1 and Question 2,Article 2。关于对这些观点的延伸讨论,请参阅Anthony Pagden,The Fall of Natural Man:The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986);Hugh Thomas,The Golden Age of Charles V (London:Allen Lane,2010)。
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[85] Vitoria,“On the American Indians” Question 3,Article 5;Francisco de Vitoria,“On Dietary Laws,or Self-Restraint” in Vitoria,Political Writings,Question 1,Article 5,Fifth Conclusion. 维多利亚特别指出,人道主义干预并没有自动制裁征服,但他补充说:“如果除了通过为其确立基督教君主来保护他们,没有其他的方法来确保安全的话,那么这种做法也是合法的,而且只要确保这一目标能够实现,这么做就是必须的。”参阅Francisco de Vitoria,“On Dietary Laws,or self-Restraint” Question 1,Article 5,Sixth Conclusion。
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[86] Alberico Gentili,De Jure Belli Libri Tres,trans. John C. Rolfe (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1933),1.25.198.
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[87]Johnson v. M’Intosh,21 U.S. 543,588 (1823).
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[88]Johnson v. M’Intosh,21 U.S. 543,588 (1823).
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[89]Johnson v. M’Intosh,21 U.S. 574.
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1702914589
[90] Thomas Jefferson,A Summary View of the Rights of British America (Williamsburg,VA:Clementina Rind,1774),6.
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1702914591
[91] Joel N. Eno,“The Puritans and the Indian Lands,” The Magazine of History:With Notes and Queries,3 (1906),274-75.
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1702914593
[92] Yasuhide Kawashima,Puritan Justice and the Indian:White Man’s Law in Massachusetts,1630-1763 (Middletown,CT:Wesleyan University Press,1986),51.
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[93] Eric Kades,“History and Interpretation of the Great Case of Johnson v. M’Intosh,” Law and History Review 19,no. 1 (2001):74.
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1702914597
[94] Felix S. Cohen,“Original Indian Title,” Minnesota Law Review 32 (1947),36,45-46.
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[95] Felix S. Cohen,“Original Indian Title,” Minnesota Law Review 32 (1947),37n. 20.
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[96] Stuart Banner,How the Indians Lost Their Land:Law and Power on the Frontier (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2005),239.
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[97] Van Ittersum,Profit and Principle,267-70.
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1702914605
[98] Jerzy Lukowski,The Partitions of Poland:1772,1793,1795 (Harlow,Essex:Addison,Wesley,Longman,1999),84.
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1702914607
[99] Norman Davies,God’s Playground:A History of Poland,Vol. 1:The Origins to 1795 (New York:Columbia University Press,2005),395.
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1702914609
[100] Compare DJB,2.11.7.2 with 2.12.26.1;Vattel,Law of Nations,4.4.37;Georg Friedrich von Martens,Summary of the Law of Nations,Founded on Treaties and Customs of the Modern Nations of Europe,trans. William Cobbett (Littleton,CO:Thomas Bradform,1795),2.1.3;Lassa Oppenheim,International Law:A Treatise,Vol. 1 (Longmans,Green and Company,1905),paragraph 499.瓦特尔和马滕斯(Martens)都排除了一些情况,即国家被迫接受“苛刻的、屈辱的和难以忍受的条件”(瓦特尔指的是和平条约),或者“暴力的非正义性确凿无疑”(马滕斯指的是一般的条约)。
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[101] Treaty of Cahuenga,January 13,1847.
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[102] James K. Polk,Fourth Annual Message to Congress,December 5,1848.
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