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[65] Hans Medick,“Historical Event and Contemporary Experience:The Capture and Destruction of Magdeburg in 1631,” trans. Pamela Selwyn,History Workshop Journal 52 (2001):33.
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[66] Numbers 31:1-2 NIV.
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[67] 此处原文为“Phineas”,应为“Phinehas”。——译者注
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[68] Numbers 31:7.
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[69] Numbers 31:15.
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[70] Numbers 31:17.
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[71] Samuel 15:3.
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[72] Deuteronomy 25:19.
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[73] Samuel 15:33. 对于《希伯来圣经》中对妇女和儿童的屠杀,格劳秀斯写道:“因为这是上帝的杰作,他对人类的权利比人类对野兽的更大。” DJB,3.4.9.1.
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[74] 从技术上讲,禁止直接攻击平民的原则适用于即使是敌人的平民。“妇女、儿童、虚弱的老人和病人,”瓦特尔说,“都是敌人。”“然而,这些平民并不是威胁,杀害他们实现不了合法目的。”参见Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.145。
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[75] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.145。也可参阅阿普拉克辛(Apraksin)伯爵在前往普鲁士的途中以伊丽莎白二世女沙皇(tsarina Elizabeth Ⅱ)的名义写的宣言。见 Sammlung der neuesten Staats-Schrifften zum Behuf der Historie des jetzigen Krieges in Teutschland (Frankfurt and Leipzig,1757),144,149。“那些只担心自己职业的居民,尤其是农民,没有什么可害怕的。相反,他们应该得到所有军事上必须的和环境允许的保护(Kriegsraison)。然而,对那些已经拿起武器抵抗或者离开他们的家园和祖国的人,我们将继续对其执行最严厉的战争法(Kriegsgesetze)”[詹姆斯·拉姆西-梅兰(James Rumsey-Merlan)译]。
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[76] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.145。然而,这一段的最后一句指出了强制执行的初步性质。这并不是说,对平民滥用暴力受到了一方的惩罚,而是说只有谨慎和人道主义才会促使他们这样做。瓦特尔指出,在其他地方,对于战争法也可以通过准其投降免死的报复性拒绝来执行。Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.141.
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[77] Eric Robson,“The Armed Forces and the Art of War,” in The New Cambridge Modern History,eds. G. R. Potter and G. R. Elton,Vol. 7:The Old Regime,1713-63,ed. J. O. Lindsay (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979),165. 关于人道主义革命和启蒙运动的人本主义,参见 Steven Pinker,The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has Declined (New York:Viking,2011),129-92。
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[78] Bell,The First Total War;Carl Schmitt,Theory of the Partisan:Intermediate Commentary on the Concept of the Political,trans. G. L. Ulem (New York:Telos Press,2007),36.
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[79] James Whitman,The Verdict of Battle:The Law of Victory and the Making of Modern War (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2012);Randall Lesaffer,“Siege Warfare in Early Modern Europe,” in E. J. Broers,B. C. M. Jacobs,and R. C. H. Lesaffer,eds.,Ius Brabanticum,Ius Commune,Ius Gentium:Opstellen Aangeboden aan Prof. Mr. J.P.A. Coopmans ter Gelegenheid van Zijn Tachtigste Verjaardag (Nijmegen:Wolf Legal Publishers,2006).
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[80] Bell,The First Total War,5.
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[81] Bell,The First Total War,46.
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[82] 根据《纽约时报》的一篇社论,伤膝河大屠杀事件被英国报纸“几乎一边倒地视为嗜血和肆意屠杀”。然而,这篇社论是至关重要的解释。January 22,1891,4.
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[83] 具有讽刺意味的是,多马被宣告无罪排除了以战争罪起诉他的所有可能性——这是一个政治问题,如果不是法律问题的话。尽管杀害凯西和对平民的屠杀二者能从法律上加以区分,但公众不会做那样的区分。在一个印第安人杀死了一个白人却刚刚被无罪释放的情况下,一个白人陪审团基本上不可能因白人士兵杀死印第安人而判其有罪。
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[84] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.15.226.
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[85] Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field,August 22,1864,请登录 https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/120?OpenDocument。
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[86] Declaration Renouncing the Use,in Time of War,of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight,November 29 (December 11)1868,请登录https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action= openDocument&documentId= 568842C2B90F4A29C12563CD0051547C。
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[87] Hague Declarations of 1899 (IV,1),(IV,2),and (IV,3) in The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907,ed. James Brown Scott (Oxford:Oxford University Press,1915).
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[88] Hague Convention (IV) of 1907 Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex,Articles 28,47,23,and 45,in The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907.
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[89]Journal du general Fantin Des Odoards,244 (Paris:1895),translated in Geoffrey Best,Humanity in Warfare:The Modern History of the International Law of Armed Conflicts (New York:Columbia University Press,1980),168.
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