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[75] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.145。也可参阅阿普拉克辛(Apraksin)伯爵在前往普鲁士的途中以伊丽莎白二世女沙皇(tsarina Elizabeth Ⅱ)的名义写的宣言。见 Sammlung der neuesten Staats-Schrifften zum Behuf der Historie des jetzigen Krieges in Teutschland (Frankfurt and Leipzig,1757),144,149。“那些只担心自己职业的居民,尤其是农民,没有什么可害怕的。相反,他们应该得到所有军事上必须的和环境允许的保护(Kriegsraison)。然而,对那些已经拿起武器抵抗或者离开他们的家园和祖国的人,我们将继续对其执行最严厉的战争法(Kriegsgesetze)”[詹姆斯·拉姆西-梅兰(James Rumsey-Merlan)译]。
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[76] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.145。然而,这一段的最后一句指出了强制执行的初步性质。这并不是说,对平民滥用暴力受到了一方的惩罚,而是说只有谨慎和人道主义才会促使他们这样做。瓦特尔指出,在其他地方,对于战争法也可以通过准其投降免死的报复性拒绝来执行。Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.141.
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1702914985
[77] Eric Robson,“The Armed Forces and the Art of War,” in The New Cambridge Modern History,eds. G. R. Potter and G. R. Elton,Vol. 7:The Old Regime,1713-63,ed. J. O. Lindsay (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979),165. 关于人道主义革命和启蒙运动的人本主义,参见 Steven Pinker,The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has Declined (New York:Viking,2011),129-92。
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[78] Bell,The First Total War;Carl Schmitt,Theory of the Partisan:Intermediate Commentary on the Concept of the Political,trans. G. L. Ulem (New York:Telos Press,2007),36.
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1702914989
[79] James Whitman,The Verdict of Battle:The Law of Victory and the Making of Modern War (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2012);Randall Lesaffer,“Siege Warfare in Early Modern Europe,” in E. J. Broers,B. C. M. Jacobs,and R. C. H. Lesaffer,eds.,Ius Brabanticum,Ius Commune,Ius Gentium:Opstellen Aangeboden aan Prof. Mr. J.P.A. Coopmans ter Gelegenheid van Zijn Tachtigste Verjaardag (Nijmegen:Wolf Legal Publishers,2006).
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[80] Bell,The First Total War,5.
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1702914993
[81] Bell,The First Total War,46.
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1702914995
[82] 根据《纽约时报》的一篇社论,伤膝河大屠杀事件被英国报纸“几乎一边倒地视为嗜血和肆意屠杀”。然而,这篇社论是至关重要的解释。January 22,1891,4.
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[83] 具有讽刺意味的是,多马被宣告无罪排除了以战争罪起诉他的所有可能性——这是一个政治问题,如果不是法律问题的话。尽管杀害凯西和对平民的屠杀二者能从法律上加以区分,但公众不会做那样的区分。在一个印第安人杀死了一个白人却刚刚被无罪释放的情况下,一个白人陪审团基本上不可能因白人士兵杀死印第安人而判其有罪。
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1702914999
[84] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.15.226.
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1702915001
[85] Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field,August 22,1864,请登录 https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/120?OpenDocument。
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[86] Declaration Renouncing the Use,in Time of War,of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight,November 29 (December 11)1868,请登录https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action= openDocument&documentId= 568842C2B90F4A29C12563CD0051547C。
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1702915005
[87] Hague Declarations of 1899 (IV,1),(IV,2),and (IV,3) in The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907,ed. James Brown Scott (Oxford:Oxford University Press,1915).
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[88] Hague Convention (IV) of 1907 Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex,Articles 28,47,23,and 45,in The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907.
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[89]Journal du general Fantin Des Odoards,244 (Paris:1895),translated in Geoffrey Best,Humanity in Warfare:The Modern History of the International Law of Armed Conflicts (New York:Columbia University Press,1980),168.
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1702915011
[90] S. W. Bowman and R. B. Irwin,Sherman and His Campaigns:A Military Biography (New York:Richardson & Co.,1865),235-36.
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1702915013
[91] Olaf van Nimwegen,The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions,1588-1688 (Rochester,NY:Boydell Press,2010),61-64;Geoffrey Parker,The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road,1567-1659:The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries’ Wars,2nd ed. (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004),143-44.
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1702915015
[92] Nimwegen,The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions,62.
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1702915017
[93] Philippe Contamine,“Ransom and Booty,” in War and Competition Between States,ed. Philippe Contamine (Oxford:Clarendon Press,2000),191.
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1702915019
[94] Philippe Contamine,“Ransom and Booty,” in War and Competition Between States,ed. Philippe Contamine (Oxford:Clarendon Press,2000),191.关于美国语境下的战俘交换协议的讨论,请参阅John Fabian Witt,Lincoln’s Code:The Laws of War in American History (New York:Free Press,2012)。
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1702915021
[95] Henry Wheaton,Elements of International Law:With a Sketch of the History of the Science (Carey,Lea & Blanchard,1836),251(在这些交易中违反诚信的行为只能通过这样的方式来惩罚,即拒绝给予违约一方根据战俘交换协议所获得的利益;或者,在需要这种手段的情况下,通过报复或惩罚性报复手段来加以惩罚)。
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[96] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.140,142.
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[97] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.142.
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[98] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.141.
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[99] Lassa Oppenheim,International Law:A Treatise,Vol. 2 (London:Longmans,Green and Company,1921),336.
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