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[50]DJB,3.4.19. 格劳秀斯承认,禁止强奸“不是万国之法,而是更好的法”。
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[51]DJB,3.7.1.
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[52]DJB,3.7.3.
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[53]DJB,3.4.10.
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[54]DJB,3.5.1.
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[55]DJB,3.4.9.
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[56]DJB,3.4.2-3;Emer de Vattel,The Law of Nations;or,Principles of the Law of Nature,Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns,trans. Joseph Chitty (Philadelphia:T & J. W. Johnson & Co.,Law Booksellers,1867 [1758]),3.8.137.
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[57] Samuel Pufendorf,De jure naturae et gentium libri octo,trans. Basil Kennett (Oxford:Lichfield,1703),8.6.17 (1688). 第18节继续讨论暗杀问题,在这个问题上,他最终基本同意格劳秀斯的观点。
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[58] Cornelius van Bynkershoek,Quaestiones Juris Publici libri duo (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1930),16.
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[59] Cornelius van Bynkershoek,Quaestiones Juris Publici libri duo (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1930),16,26-28.
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[60] “Account and translation of Jurgen Ackermann,Kapitan beim Regiment Alt-Pappenheim 1631,” ed. R. Volkholz,quoted in Geoff Mortimer,Eyewitness Accounts of the Thirty Years War,1618-48 (New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2002),67-68.
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[61] Otto von Guericke,“The Sack of Magdeburg (May 20,1631),” in The Thirty Years War:A Documentary History,ed. and trans. Trytje Helfferich (Indianapolis:Hackett,2009),108-9.
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[62] Mortimer,Eyewitness Accounts of the Thirty Years’ War,4-5.
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[63] Otto von Guericke,“The Sack of Magdeburg (May 20,1631),” in Helfferich,The Thirty Years War,109.
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[64] Jeffrey Chipps Smith,“The Destruction of Magdeburg in 1631:The Art of a Disastrous Victory,” in Disaster,Death and the Emotions in the Shadow of the Apocalypse,1400-1700,eds. Jenny Spinks and Charles Zika (London:Palgrave,2015),247-71.
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[65] Hans Medick,“Historical Event and Contemporary Experience:The Capture and Destruction of Magdeburg in 1631,” trans. Pamela Selwyn,History Workshop Journal 52 (2001):33.
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[66] Numbers 31:1-2 NIV.
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[67] 此处原文为“Phineas”,应为“Phinehas”。——译者注
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[68] Numbers 31:7.
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[69] Numbers 31:15.
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[70] Numbers 31:17.
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[71] Samuel 15:3.
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[72] Deuteronomy 25:19.
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[73] Samuel 15:33. 对于《希伯来圣经》中对妇女和儿童的屠杀,格劳秀斯写道:“因为这是上帝的杰作,他对人类的权利比人类对野兽的更大。” DJB,3.4.9.1.
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[74] 从技术上讲,禁止直接攻击平民的原则适用于即使是敌人的平民。“妇女、儿童、虚弱的老人和病人,”瓦特尔说,“都是敌人。”“然而,这些平民并不是威胁,杀害他们实现不了合法目的。”参见Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.145。
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