打字猴:1.702914994e+09
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1702914995 [82] 根据《纽约时报》的一篇社论,伤膝河大屠杀事件被英国报纸“几乎一边倒地视为嗜血和肆意屠杀”。然而,这篇社论是至关重要的解释。January 22,1891,4.
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1702914997 [83] 具有讽刺意味的是,多马被宣告无罪排除了以战争罪起诉他的所有可能性——这是一个政治问题,如果不是法律问题的话。尽管杀害凯西和对平民的屠杀二者能从法律上加以区分,但公众不会做那样的区分。在一个印第安人杀死了一个白人却刚刚被无罪释放的情况下,一个白人陪审团基本上不可能因白人士兵杀死印第安人而判其有罪。
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1702914999 [84] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.15.226.
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1702915001 [85] Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field,August 22,1864,请登录 https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/120?OpenDocument。
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1702915003 [86] Declaration Renouncing the Use,in Time of War,of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight,November 29 (December 11)1868,请登录https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action= openDocument&documentId= 568842C2B90F4A29C12563CD0051547C。
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1702915005 [87] Hague Declarations of 1899 (IV,1),(IV,2),and (IV,3) in The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907,ed. James Brown Scott (Oxford:Oxford University Press,1915).
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1702915007 [88] Hague Convention (IV) of 1907 Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex,Articles 28,47,23,and 45,in The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907.
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1702915009 [89]Journal du general Fantin Des Odoards,244 (Paris:1895),translated in Geoffrey Best,Humanity in Warfare:The Modern History of the International Law of Armed Conflicts (New York:Columbia University Press,1980),168.
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1702915011 [90] S. W. Bowman and R. B. Irwin,Sherman and His Campaigns:A Military Biography (New York:Richardson & Co.,1865),235-36.
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1702915013 [91] Olaf van Nimwegen,The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions,1588-1688 (Rochester,NY:Boydell Press,2010),61-64;Geoffrey Parker,The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road,1567-1659:The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries’ Wars,2nd ed. (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2004),143-44.
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1702915015 [92] Nimwegen,The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions,62.
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1702915017 [93] Philippe Contamine,“Ransom and Booty,” in War and Competition Between States,ed. Philippe Contamine (Oxford:Clarendon Press,2000),191.
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1702915019 [94] Philippe Contamine,“Ransom and Booty,” in War and Competition Between States,ed. Philippe Contamine (Oxford:Clarendon Press,2000),191.关于美国语境下的战俘交换协议的讨论,请参阅John Fabian Witt,Lincoln’s Code:The Laws of War in American History (New York:Free Press,2012)。
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1702915021 [95] Henry Wheaton,Elements of International Law:With a Sketch of the History of the Science (Carey,Lea & Blanchard,1836),251(在这些交易中违反诚信的行为只能通过这样的方式来惩罚,即拒绝给予违约一方根据战俘交换协议所获得的利益;或者,在需要这种手段的情况下,通过报复或惩罚性报复手段来加以惩罚)。
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1702915023 [96] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.140,142.
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1702915025 [97] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.142.
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1702915027 [98] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.141.
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1702915029 [99] Lassa Oppenheim,International Law:A Treatise,Vol. 2 (London:Longmans,Green and Company,1921),336.
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1702915031 [100] J. M. Spaight,War Rights on Land (London:Macmillan,1911),462.
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1702915033 [101] 关于规制或消除报复的努力的讨论,请参阅 Frits Kalshoven,Belligerent Reprisals (Leiden:Martinus Nijhoff,1971),1-68。关于第一次世界大战中报复手段的运用的讨论,请参阅Isabel V. Hull,A Scrap of Paper:Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War (Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press 2014),64-65,276-316。
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1702915035 [102] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.142.
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1702915037 [103] Oppenheim,International Law,Vol. 2,336.
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1702915039 [104] 尽管威胁进行报复通常能够阻止违约行为,但它们也增加了“升级报复性破坏周期”的风险。Witt,Lincoln’s Code,64.
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