打字猴:1.702914944e+09
1702914944
1702914945 [57] Samuel Pufendorf,De jure naturae et gentium libri octo,trans. Basil Kennett (Oxford:Lichfield,1703),8.6.17 (1688). 第18节继续讨论暗杀问题,在这个问题上,他最终基本同意格劳秀斯的观点。
1702914946
1702914947 [58] Cornelius van Bynkershoek,Quaestiones Juris Publici libri duo (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1930),16.
1702914948
1702914949 [59] Cornelius van Bynkershoek,Quaestiones Juris Publici libri duo (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1930),16,26-28.
1702914950
1702914951 [60] “Account and translation of Jurgen Ackermann,Kapitan beim Regiment Alt-Pappenheim 1631,” ed. R. Volkholz,quoted in Geoff Mortimer,Eyewitness Accounts of the Thirty Years War,1618-48 (New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2002),67-68.
1702914952
1702914953 [61] Otto von Guericke,“The Sack of Magdeburg (May 20,1631),” in The Thirty Years War:A Documentary History,ed. and trans. Trytje Helfferich (Indianapolis:Hackett,2009),108-9.
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1702914955 [62] Mortimer,Eyewitness Accounts of the Thirty Years’ War,4-5.
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1702914957 [63] Otto von Guericke,“The Sack of Magdeburg (May 20,1631),” in Helfferich,The Thirty Years War,109.
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1702914959 [64] Jeffrey Chipps Smith,“The Destruction of Magdeburg in 1631:The Art of a Disastrous Victory,” in Disaster,Death and the Emotions in the Shadow of the Apocalypse,1400-1700,eds. Jenny Spinks and Charles Zika (London:Palgrave,2015),247-71.
1702914960
1702914961 [65] Hans Medick,“Historical Event and Contemporary Experience:The Capture and Destruction of Magdeburg in 1631,” trans. Pamela Selwyn,History Workshop Journal 52 (2001):33.
1702914962
1702914963 [66] Numbers 31:1-2 NIV.
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1702914965 [67] 此处原文为“Phineas”,应为“Phinehas”。——译者注
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1702914967 [68] Numbers 31:7.
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1702914969 [69] Numbers 31:15.
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1702914971 [70] Numbers 31:17.
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1702914973 [71] Samuel 15:3.
1702914974
1702914975 [72] Deuteronomy 25:19.
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1702914977 [73] Samuel 15:33. 对于《希伯来圣经》中对妇女和儿童的屠杀,格劳秀斯写道:“因为这是上帝的杰作,他对人类的权利比人类对野兽的更大。” DJB,3.4.9.1.
1702914978
1702914979 [74] 从技术上讲,禁止直接攻击平民的原则适用于即使是敌人的平民。“妇女、儿童、虚弱的老人和病人,”瓦特尔说,“都是敌人。”“然而,这些平民并不是威胁,杀害他们实现不了合法目的。”参见Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.145。
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1702914981 [75] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.145。也可参阅阿普拉克辛(Apraksin)伯爵在前往普鲁士的途中以伊丽莎白二世女沙皇(tsarina Elizabeth Ⅱ)的名义写的宣言。见 Sammlung der neuesten Staats-Schrifften zum Behuf der Historie des jetzigen Krieges in Teutschland (Frankfurt and Leipzig,1757),144,149。“那些只担心自己职业的居民,尤其是农民,没有什么可害怕的。相反,他们应该得到所有军事上必须的和环境允许的保护(Kriegsraison)。然而,对那些已经拿起武器抵抗或者离开他们的家园和祖国的人,我们将继续对其执行最严厉的战争法(Kriegsgesetze)”[詹姆斯·拉姆西-梅兰(James Rumsey-Merlan)译]。
1702914982
1702914983 [76] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.145。然而,这一段的最后一句指出了强制执行的初步性质。这并不是说,对平民滥用暴力受到了一方的惩罚,而是说只有谨慎和人道主义才会促使他们这样做。瓦特尔指出,在其他地方,对于战争法也可以通过准其投降免死的报复性拒绝来执行。Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.8.141.
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1702914985 [77] Eric Robson,“The Armed Forces and the Art of War,” in The New Cambridge Modern History,eds. G. R. Potter and G. R. Elton,Vol. 7:The Old Regime,1713-63,ed. J. O. Lindsay (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979),165. 关于人道主义革命和启蒙运动的人本主义,参见 Steven Pinker,The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has Declined (New York:Viking,2011),129-92。
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1702914987 [78] Bell,The First Total War;Carl Schmitt,Theory of the Partisan:Intermediate Commentary on the Concept of the Political,trans. G. L. Ulem (New York:Telos Press,2007),36.
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1702914989 [79] James Whitman,The Verdict of Battle:The Law of Victory and the Making of Modern War (Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2012);Randall Lesaffer,“Siege Warfare in Early Modern Europe,” in E. J. Broers,B. C. M. Jacobs,and R. C. H. Lesaffer,eds.,Ius Brabanticum,Ius Commune,Ius Gentium:Opstellen Aangeboden aan Prof. Mr. J.P.A. Coopmans ter Gelegenheid van Zijn Tachtigste Verjaardag (Nijmegen:Wolf Legal Publishers,2006).
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1702914991 [80] Bell,The First Total War,5.
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1702914993 [81] Bell,The First Total War,46.
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