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[8] 埃尔金斯(Elkins)和 麦克特里克(McKitrick)认为,法国吉伦特派对外交是无知的,他们对美国中立显然想“鱼与熊掌兼得”。参见Elkins and McKitrick,The Age of Federalism,333-35。
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[9] Elkins and McKitrick,The Age of Federalism,334,342.
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[10] Elkins and McKitrick,The Age of Federalism,333;Ammon,The Genet Mission,26-27.
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[11] Gaspard Monge to Citizen Genet,February 8,1793,in Actes et Memoires Concernant Les Negociations Qui Ont Eu Lieu Entre La France et Les Etats-Unis de l’Amerique,Vol. 1 (London:J. G. B. Vogel,1807),12;Elkins and McKitrick,The Age of Federalism,333.
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[12] Elkins and McKitrick,The Age of Federalism,335.
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[13] Elkins and McKitrick,The Age of Federalism,345,348;Gordon S. Wood,Empire of Liberty:A History of the Early Republic,1789-1815 (Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009),185.
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[14] Elkins and McKitrick,The Age of Federalism,335.
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[15] “格兰奇号”在美国水域德拉华湾被捕获,使得这一事件在外交上引起轩然大波。参见Elkins and McKitrick,The Age of Federalism,343;Ammon,The Genet Mission,53-54。
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[16] Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe,May 5,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 25,661.
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[17] “Memorial from George Hammond,” May 2,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 25,638.
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[18] Elkins and McKitrick,The Age of Federalism,314-16.
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[19] Wood,Empire of Liberty,174,179-80.
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[20] Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet,June 5,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 26,196.
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[21] Elkins and McKitrick,The Age of Federalism,348.
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[22] Genet to Jefferson,June 14,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 26,281 (“Mepris des traites qui unissent les Francais et les Americains”).
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[23] “Treaty of Amity and Commerce Between the United States and France;February 6,1778,” Avalon Law Project,Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library,http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th century/fr1788-1.asp[“对于任何不属于最信奉基督教的国王(指的是法国路易九世,1226~1270年在位,被奉为中世纪法国乃至全欧洲君主的楷模。——译者注)的臣民,也不属于美国公民,且接受了与双方之一有敌意的任何其他君主或国家的委托任务的私掠船来说,在一方或另一方港口对其进行装备,都是不合法的”]。
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[24] Ammon,The Genet Mission,66-67.
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[25] Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet,June 17,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 26,298-99;Ammon,The Genet Mission,67.
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[26] Edmond Charles Genet to Thomas Jefferson,June 22,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 26,339(“pour justifier ou excuser des infractions faites a des traites positifs”).
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[27] 原文此处为“foreign minister”,意为外交部长。但热内此时的官方身份是法国驻美国公使。事实上,由于美国距离欧洲大陆太过遥远,加上刚刚独立,实力相对虚弱,而且“孤立主义”盛行,美国并未过多参与国际事务,尤其是欧洲大陆事务。因此,直到19世纪末,欧洲主要国家与美国尚未建立大使级外交关系,它们的外交关系等级依然是公使级。后文涉及热内这一阶段官方身份的表述一律指的是公使。——译者注
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[28] Alexander Hamilton and Henry Knox,“Reasons for the Opinion of the Secretary of the Treasury,and the Secretary at War,Respecting the Brigantine ‘Little Sarah,’” in The Works of Alexander Hamilton,Vol. 5,ed. Henry Cabot Lodge (New York:G. P. Putnam’s Sons,1904),7 (July 8,1793).
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[29] Thomas Jefferson to James Madison,August 3,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 26,606.
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[30] Emer de Vattel,The Law of Nations;or,Principles of the Law of Nature,Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns,trans. Joseph Chitty (Philadelphia:T & J. W. Johnson & Co.,Law Booksellers,1867 [1758]),3.7.104;Cornelius van Bynkershoek,Quaestionum Juris Publici libri duo (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1930),1.9.61;Georg Friedrich von Martens,Summary of the Law of Nations,Founded on Treaties and Customs of the Modern Nations of Europe,trans. William Cobbett (Littleton,CO:Fred B. Rothman,1986),8.6.2;William Edward Hall,A Treatise on International Law (Buffalo:William S. Hein & Co.,Inc.,1924),93-94. 关于18世纪国家中立实践的描述,请参阅Charles S. Hyneman,First American Neutrality:A Study of the American Understanding of Neutral Obligations During the Years 1792 to 1815 (Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1934),15-16。海尼曼(Hyneman)对法学家们报告的1793年之前国家中立实践具有一贯性表示怀疑,但他认为要求中立国家具有严格的公正性的做法自那之后就固定了下来。请参阅Charles S. Hyneman,First American Neutrality:A Study of the American Understanding of Neutral Obligations During the Years 1792 to 1815 (Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1934),15-19。关于不是那么怀疑的看法,请参阅 Charles Cheney Hyde,International Law Chiefly as Interpreted by the United States,Vol. 2 (Boston:Little,Brown,and Company,1922),692。
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[31] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.7.105;Van Bynkershoek,Quaestiones Juris Publici,63;Martens,Summary of the Law of Nations,Founded on Treaties and Customs of the Modern Nations of Europe,8.5.9. 关于这方面18世纪的国家实践,请参阅Hall,A Treatise on International Law,700-02。
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[32] 正如第二章末尾指出的那样,如果盟国认为交战方发动了一场非正义的战争,那么盟国将被解除需要协助交战方的条约责任。但如果它们更进一步,想要交战方付出代价,那么它们就会付诸战争。
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