打字猴:1.702915185e+09
1702915185 [28] Alexander Hamilton and Henry Knox,“Reasons for the Opinion of the Secretary of the Treasury,and the Secretary at War,Respecting the Brigantine ‘Little Sarah,’” in The Works of Alexander Hamilton,Vol. 5,ed. Henry Cabot Lodge (New York:G. P. Putnam’s Sons,1904),7 (July 8,1793).
1702915186
1702915187 [29] Thomas Jefferson to James Madison,August 3,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 26,606.
1702915188
1702915189 [30] Emer de Vattel,The Law of Nations;or,Principles of the Law of Nature,Applied to the Conduct and Affairs of Nations and Sovereigns,trans. Joseph Chitty (Philadelphia:T & J. W. Johnson & Co.,Law Booksellers,1867 [1758]),3.7.104;Cornelius van Bynkershoek,Quaestionum Juris Publici libri duo (Oxford:Clarendon Press,1930),1.9.61;Georg Friedrich von Martens,Summary of the Law of Nations,Founded on Treaties and Customs of the Modern Nations of Europe,trans. William Cobbett (Littleton,CO:Fred B. Rothman,1986),8.6.2;William Edward Hall,A Treatise on International Law (Buffalo:William S. Hein & Co.,Inc.,1924),93-94. 关于18世纪国家中立实践的描述,请参阅Charles S. Hyneman,First American Neutrality:A Study of the American Understanding of Neutral Obligations During the Years 1792 to 1815 (Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1934),15-16。海尼曼(Hyneman)对法学家们报告的1793年之前国家中立实践具有一贯性表示怀疑,但他认为要求中立国家具有严格的公正性的做法自那之后就固定了下来。请参阅Charles S. Hyneman,First American Neutrality:A Study of the American Understanding of Neutral Obligations During the Years 1792 to 1815 (Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1934),15-19。关于不是那么怀疑的看法,请参阅 Charles Cheney Hyde,International Law Chiefly as Interpreted by the United States,Vol. 2 (Boston:Little,Brown,and Company,1922),692。
1702915190
1702915191 [31] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.7.105;Van Bynkershoek,Quaestiones Juris Publici,63;Martens,Summary of the Law of Nations,Founded on Treaties and Customs of the Modern Nations of Europe,8.5.9. 关于这方面18世纪的国家实践,请参阅Hall,A Treatise on International Law,700-02。
1702915192
1702915193 [32] 正如第二章末尾指出的那样,如果盟国认为交战方发动了一场非正义的战争,那么盟国将被解除需要协助交战方的条约责任。但如果它们更进一步,想要交战方付出代价,那么它们就会付诸战争。
1702915194
1702915195 [33] Jefferson to Genet,June 17,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 26,299.(“但我们不会独自主张那项法律是什么及其如何应用。让我们向开明公正的评判者求助。没有谁比瓦特尔更合适的了。”)
1702915196
1702915197 [34] Genet to Jefferson,June 22,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 26,339.
1702915198
1702915199 [35] Jefferson to Madison,August 3,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 26,606.
1702915200
1702915201 [36] Jefferson to Genet,June 5,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 26,197 (n. 9).
1702915202
1702915203 [37] Edmund Randolph to Thomas Jefferson,with Jefferson’s Note,May 31,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 26,152.
1702915204
1702915205 [38] Jefferson to Genet,June 11,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 26,252. See “Alexander Hamilton’s Report on the American Debt to France,” June 8,1793,in PTJ,Vol. 26,183-84.
1702915206
1702915207 [39] Ammon,The Genet Mission,80.
1702915208
1702915209 [40] 关于热内是否真的发出了这种威胁,存在一些争议。这事似乎源自杰弗逊1793年7月10的《与埃德蒙-查尔斯·热内谈话备忘录》(Memorandum on a Conversation with Edmond Charles Genet)。参见Ammon,The Genet Mission,466。达拉斯否认了这项声明,请参阅A. J. Dallas,“To the Public,” American Daily Advertiser (Philadelphia,December 9,1793),4575,quoted in The Historical Magazine 10 (1866):339。
1702915210
1702915211 [41] Elkins and McKitrick,The Age of Federalism,369-71;Ammon,The Genet Mission,107-8.
1702915212
1702915213 [42] Ammon,The Genet Mission,172.
1702915214
1702915215 [43] Ammon,The Genet Mission,119-20,155-60,170-72,178-79.
1702915216
1702915217 [44] Thomas P. Jones,“The Baseless Fabric of a Vision,” in American Journal of Science and the Arts 13 (1828):90.
1702915218
1702915219 [45] 参见,例如Henry Wheaton,Elements of International Law,8th ed. (London:Sampson Low,1866),508。
1702915220
1702915221 [46] Hague Convention (V) of 1907,Art. 9,in The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907.
1702915222
1702915223 [47] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.7.104.
1702915224
1702915225 [48] Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.7.104.也可参阅Hague Convention (V) of 1907,Art. 7 and 9,in The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907。根据格劳秀斯的观点,公正的义务只适用于“值得怀疑的事情”,但这种情况很明显的话,即当“一个人因支持一项邪恶事业可能会变得更强大,或者发动正义战争的人的行动可能会由此受到阻碍”时,公正的义务不适用。参见DJB,3.17.3.1。格劳秀斯认为,在明确的情况下,公正的义务不适用,不像征服规则、炮舰外交和杀人许可适用,这在很大程度上是因为国家的实践还没有发展出这样一种责任。请参阅Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.1.5.5。(“在这次调查中,我们回顾了自然法,因为在历史叙事中,我们一直无法找到任何由万国意志法所建立的东西来掩盖这种情况。”)
1702915226
1702915227 [49] 只有在一种有限的情况下,国家才可以执行歧视。如果一国对于某项事业的正义性怀有强烈信心,它可以宣布放弃中立,加入受害者阵营。一个国家也可以同时与交战双方保持和平,但它也可以与一方开战以拯救另一方。Vattel,The Law of Nations,3.7.106.
1702915228
1702915229 [50] Gary Hufbauer et al.,Economic Sanctions Reconsidered,3rd ed. (Washington,DC:Peterson Institute for International Economics,2007),10.
1702915230
1702915231
1702915232
1702915233
1702915234 反战之战:律师、政客与知识分子如何重塑世界 [:1702913183]
[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.702915185e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]