打字猴:1.702915661e+09
1702915661 [49] 法律专家一致认为,国际联盟完整地保留了战争的合法性。奥本海在其著作第三版中说:“战争与国际法不相抵触,是一种受国际法约束的状态。它不反对处于冲突之中的国家彼此发动战争,只要它们遵守了《国际联盟盟约》的规定——先前已经将争端提交给联盟理事会加以调查。”参见 L. Oppenheim,International Law:A Treatise,3rd ed.,ed. Ronald F. Roxburgh (London:Longmans,Green,& Co.,1921),2:65-66,§53。
1702915662
1702915663 [50] SOL,Memo,undated,box 28,folder 8,SLP UCL. 莱文森这里说的可能是《洛迦诺公约》,该公约1925年10月在瑞士洛迦诺谈判,最终于1925年11月3日在伦敦签署。
1702915664
1702915665 [51] SOL,Memo,undated,box 28,folder 8,SLP UCL. 莱文森这里说的可能是《洛迦诺公约》,该公约1925年10月在瑞士洛迦诺谈判,最终于1925年11月3日在伦敦签署。
1702915666
1702915667 [52] League of Nations Covenant,Arts. 10,11,16.
1702915668
1702915669 [53] “Henry Cabot Lodge Speaks on the League of Nations,” Speech of August 12,1919,in William Safire,Lend Me Your Ears:Great Speeches in History (New York:W. W. Norton,2004),314.
1702915670
1702915671 [54] 莱文森谴责洛奇的妥协,他说这“激怒了我们,导致双方观点不可调和”,并指出“勇敢的参议员们抓住了这个机会,做了必要的事情”。参见Letter from SOL to Mr. Otto H. Kahn,January 24,1920,box 54,folder 7,SLP UCL。
1702915672
1702915673 [55] Thomas A. Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal (New York:Macmillan,1945),49-167.
1702915674
1702915675 [56] William E. Borah,“The League of Nations,” November 19,1919,in Robert C. Byrd,The Senate,1789-1989:Classic Speeches,1830-1993 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1994),567(需要说明的是,他就是“持不可调和观点的人”之一)。John Chalmers Vinson,William E. Borah and the Outlawry of War (Athens:University of Georgia Press,1957).
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1702915677 [57] Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal,59,63.
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1702915679 [58] Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal,64.
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1702915681 [59] Byrd,The Senate,1789-1989:Classic Speeches,1830-1993,573.
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1702915683 [60] U.S. Senate,Classic Senate Speeches:William E. Borah,The League of Nations,November 19,1919,www. senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Speeches Borah League.htm.
1702915684
1702915685 [61] “Senate Defeats Treaty,Vote 49 to 35,” New York Times,March 19,1919. 两年后,美国加入了与德国签订的一项和平条约,该条约不要求美国加入国联。参见“Senate Ratifies German Treaty by 66 to 20 Vote,” New York Times,October 19,1921。该条约是必要的,因为美国国会的和平决议本身并没有影响和平的实现。正如洛奇所解释的,“就美国而言,它结束了战争,但它不是和平条约”。参见“Opposition Grows to German Treaty;Plea by Harding,” New York Times,September 25,1921。
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1702915687 [62] Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal,132-34,350.
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1702915689 [63] 在使美国加入国际联盟的尝试失败后,诺克斯发起了一项替代的共同决议,该项决议后来由沃伦·G·哈定总统于1921年7月2日签署,正式结束美国对第一次世界大战的介入。参见“Joint Resolution Terminating the State of War Between the Imperial German Government and the United States of America and Between the Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Government and the United States of America,” 42 Stat. 105 (1921);Kurt Wimer and Sarah Wimer,“The Harding Administration,the League of Nations,and the Separate Peace Treaty,” The Review of Politics 29,no. 1 (1967):13-24。
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1702915691 [64] Plan to Outlaw War (draft),n.d.,box 28,folder 9,SLP UCL.
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1702915693 [65] SOL,Memo,undated,box 28,folder 7,SLP UCL.
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1702915695 [66] “Senate Ratifies German Treaty by 66 to 20 Vote,” New York Times,October 19,1921;“Wilson’s Hand Seen as Fight on Treaty Stiffens in Senate,” New York Times,September 26,1921;“Wilson Senators Plan Reservations in Fight on Treaty,” New York Times,September 27,1921.
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1702915697 [67] Vinson,William E. Borah and the Outlawry of War,59.
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1702915699 [68] SOL to WEB,July 17,1922,box 3,folder 16,SLP UCL.
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1702915701 [69] SOL to WEB,July 17,1922,box 3,folder 16,SLP UCL.莱文森还鼓励他的朋友约翰·杜威给博拉写信鼓励他领导非法化战争运动,在莱文森大力推动之后,杜威接受了这样的要求。请参阅 Dewey to WEB,March 6,1922,No. 04891,The Correspondence of John Dewey,1871-1952,Electronic Edition。博拉确实在1936年参加了总统竞选,尽管支持他的代表屈指可数。
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1702915703 [70] 这里的描述参考了莱文森一份没有注明日期的备忘录,他在备忘录里将这段回忆记录了下来。请参阅SOL,Memo,undated,box 28,folder 7,SLP UCL。根据这份备忘录,他们是在1919年12月会面的。但肯定是12月早些时候,因为他们校阅过的小册子于1919年12月25日出版。
1702915704
1702915705 [71] 莱文森创立了该委员会并担任主席,并于1921年11月10召开了第一次会议。参见Miscellaneous Papers Associated with the American Committee for the Outlawry of War,box 1,folder 18,SLP UCL。
1702915706
1702915707 [72] Salmon O. Levinson,Outlawry of War (Chicago:American Committee for the Outlawry of War,1921),11. 这部分以“非法化战争计划”为标题,并加了一个星号注明“由已故参议员诺克斯和作者于1919年制订”。Salmon O. Levinson,Outlawry of War (Chicago:American Committee for the Outlawry of War,1921),11.
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1702915709 [73] John Dewey,“Foreword,” in ibid.
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