1702915714
1702915715
[76] SOL to Miss Cora Rubin,April 28,1922,box 117,WBP LC;SOL to Miss Cora Rubin,April 5,1922,box 117,WBP LC;Miss Cora Rubin to SOL,February 13,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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1702915717
[77] SOL to Miss Cora Rubin,January 27,1922,box 117,WBP LC;SOL to Miss Cora Rubin,February 10,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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1702915719
[78] SOL to Miss Cora Rubin,January 27,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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1702915721
[79] Miss Cora Rubin to SOL,February 7,1922,box 117,WBP LC;Arthur Capper to SOL,February 1,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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1702915723
[80] Stoner,S. O. Levinson and the Pact of Paris,61. Levinson corresponded with Jane Addams(国际妇女争取和平联盟主席),box 1,folder 2,SLP UCL;Elinor Byrns(国际妇女和平联盟共同创始人),box 11,folder 11,SLP UCL;the Chicago Woman’s Club,box 18,folder 3,SLP UCL;and with the Women’s Federation of Clubs,Women’s International League for Peace,and Women’s Overseas Service League,box 50,folders 1 & 3,SLP,UCL。更多关于20世纪20年代和平组织的活动,请参阅Charles DeBeneditti,Origins of the Modern American Peace Movement,1915-1919 (Millwood,NY:KTO Press,1978);Charles Chatfield,The American Peace Movement:Ideals and Activism (New York:Twayne,1992);Charles DeBeneditti,The Peace Reform in American History (Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1980);Daniel Gorman,The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2012);Cecilia Lunch,Beyond Appeasement:Interpreting Interwar Peace Movements in World Politics (Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,1999);Harriet Hyman Alonso,The Women’s Peace Union and the Outlawry of War,1921-1924 (Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press,1989)。
1702915724
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[81] SOL,Memo,undated,box 28,folder 7,SLP UCL. 为了劝诱博拉领导这项运动,莱文森颇费周折。这段时间二者之间的通信清楚地表明,莱文森积极地寻求博拉作为其参议院盟友和其主张的公共倡导者。请参阅,例如SOL to WEB,December 16,1921,box 117,WBP LC;WEB to SOL,December 10,1921,box 117,WBP LC;SOL to WEB,December 8,1921 box 117,WBP LC。到1922年7月13日,博拉开始与莱文森一道致力于寻求一种非法化战争的解决方案。参见WEB to SOL,July 13,1922,box 117,WBP LC。
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[82] SOL,Memo,undated,box 28,folder 7,SLP UCL.
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[83] 参见,例如SOL to WEB,December 2 1922,box 3,folder 16,SLP UCL;SOL to WEB,December 15,1922,box 3,folder 16,SLP UCL;SOL to WEB,June 12,1922,box 3,folder 16,SLP UCL;WEB to Morrison,April 9,1928,box 5,folder 4,SLP UCL(敦促莫里森与莱文森谈话,向其解释在国会就和平公约进行辩论期间提起这样的动议将会破坏美国国务院的威信)。
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[84] SOL,“Additional Memoranda Re Outlawry,” May 1,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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[85] WEB to SOL,July 13,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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[86] SOL to WEB,June 12,1922,box 117,WBP LC.
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[87] SOL,Memo,undated,box 27,folder 18,SLP UCL.
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[88] Salmon O. Levinson,“Can Peace Be Enforced?” The Christian Century,January 8,1925,46-47. 莱文森和博拉思想的演变可从他们之间的书信窥见一斑。请参阅,例如Salmon Levinson,“Additional Memoranda Re Outlawry,” May 1,1922,box 117,WBP LC;SOL to WEB,June 12,1922,box 117,WBP LC;WEB to SOL,July 13,1922,box 117,WBP LC。二人还就著名的一神论派牧师、和平主义者约翰·海恩斯·霍姆斯(John Haynes Holmes)的问题进行了书信沟通。后者在1909年帮助成立了全国有色人种促进会(NAACP),并于1920年成立了美国公民自由联盟(ACLU)。参见WEB to Haynes Holmes,January 31,1925,box 27,folder 18,SLP UCL;SOL to Haynes Holmes,February 2,1925,box 27,folder 18,SLP UCL。
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1702915741
[89] John Dewey,Human Nature and Conduct (New York:Henry Holt & Company,1922),109-10.
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1702915743
[90] Harold Josephson,James T. Shotwell and the Rise of Internationalism in America (Rutherford,NJ:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press,1975),39-40.
1702915744
1702915745
[91] James T. Shotwell,The Autobiography of James T. Shotwell (New York:Bobbs-Merrill,1961),85.
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1702915747
[92] 引自Thomas A. Bailey,Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace (New York:Macmillan,1944),108-9。肖特维尔声称,是他想出了“调查小组”这个名字。Shotwell,Autobiography,79.
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[93] Josephson,James T. Shotwell and the Rise of Internationalism in America,79-98.
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[94] 该丛书名为《世界大战的经济社会史》(The Economic and Social History of the World War),由卡内基国际和平基金会委托出版。Josephson,James T. Shotwell and the Rise of Internationalism in America,99-115;Shotwell,Autobiography,134.
1702915752
1702915753
[95] Shotwell,Autobiography,180.
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1702915755
[96] James T. Shotwell,“Locarno and After,” Association Men 51,no. 6 (February 1926):269-70.
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[97] 哥伦比亚大学和卡内基基金会在肖特维尔的职业生涯以及关于如何确保和平的辩论中发挥了重要作用。卡内基基金会是1910年根据尼古拉斯·默里·巴特勒(Nicholas Murray Butler)的命令由安德鲁·卡内基(Andrew Carnegie)创立,其目的是“加速消灭国际战争,摧毁我们文明中最肮脏的东西”。参见 Michael Rosenthal,Nicholas Miraculous:The Amazing Career of the Redoubtable Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler (New York:Columbia University Press,2015),167-68。巴特勒曾担任哥伦比亚大学校长和卡内基基金会主席,他是国际联盟的坚定支持者,也坚定支持肖特维尔为和平事业而进行的努力,尽管两人的私人关系从未亲密过。参见 Josephson,James T. Shotwell and the Rise of Internationalism in America,136-37;Nicholas Murray Butler,The Path to Peace:Essays and Addresses on Peace and Its Making (New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1930)。
1702915758
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[98] Shotwell,Autobiography,182.
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[99] Stat. 613,January 30,1799,codified at 18 U.S.C. § 953 (2004).
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[100] Shotwell,Autobiography,195.
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