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[121] 该条约被称为《江华条约》(Japan-Korea Treaty of 1876),在朝鲜被称为《日朝修好条约》(Japanese-Korean Treaty of Amity),在日本被称为《朝日修好条约》(Korean-Japanese Treaty of Amity),以及《江华岛条约》(Treaty of Ganghwa Island)。参见The Japanese-Korean Treaty,Japan-Korea,February 26,1876,in Korean Treaties,ed. Henry Chung (New York:H. S. Nichols Inc.,1919),205-9。
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[122] 基恩(Keane)对上述事件进行了一些细节描述。参见Keane,Emperor of Japan,249-62。
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[123] The Japanese-Korean Treaty,Japan-Korea,February 26,1876. 参见 Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,45-55。
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[124] The Japanese-Korean Treaty,Japan-Korea,February 26,1876. 参见 Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,54.
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[125] The Japanese-Korean Treaty,Japan-Korea,February 26,1876. 参见 Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,54.
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[126] Treaty of Ganghwa Island,February 26,1876,Art. 1,in Chung,ed.,Korean Treaties,205.
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[127] Dudden,Japan’s Colonization of Korea,54-55.
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[128] Frederick Foo Chien,The Opening of Korea:A Study of Chinese Diplomacy,1876-1885 (Hamden,CT:Shoe String Press,1967),63;Peter Duus,The Abacus and the Sword:The Japanese Penetration of Korea,1895-1910 (Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1995),49-51.
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[129] Convention of Tientsin (Tianjin),April 18,1885 in Treaties,Conventions,etc.Between China and Foreign States,Vol. 2 (Shanghai,1908),1316-17.
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[130] McClain,Japan,297.
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[131] 根据中方史料,在朝鲜政府未“呈文”清政府请派援兵之前,日本国内就已经盛传清政府“选派精兵三千名运往朝鲜”的谣言。——译者注
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[132] 关于中日双方出兵原因,国内外学界流传不同说法。根据中方史料,朝鲜政府正式请求清政府派遣援兵是在1894年6月3日,清政府决定派遣援兵是在6月4日,但日本在6月2日已召集内阁会议决定出兵朝鲜。另外,在清政府未决定派兵之前,6月3日日本驻朝使馆秘书、代理公使杉村浚曾会晤中国驻朝鲜商务代办袁世凯,当面表示盼望中国赶紧派兵代剿。——译者注
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[133] Duus,The Abacus and the Sword,49.
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[134] Duus,The Abacus and the Sword,29-102.
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[135] “The Declaration of War by Japan,” in Vladimir (pseud. for Zenone Volpicelli),The China-Japan War:Compiled from Japanese,Chinese,and Foreign Sources (New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1896),245;Sakuyei Takahashi,The Influence of Grotius in the Far East (Brooklyn,NY:Brooklyn Institute,1908),13.日文宣战书中使用了现在普遍使用的“kokusaiho-”一词,用以指代万国法或国际法。
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[136] 日本自1895年开始对朝鲜实施经济和军事统治,但直到1910年才吞并了这个国家。参见Treaty Between Japan and Korea (Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty),August 22,1910,in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 6,1910 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1915),682-83。随着《日韩合并条约》一道发布的声明解释说,日韩合并是必须的,因为“该国政府的现有系统已经证明其并非完全能够维持公共秩序和安定团结”。声明继续说,“为了维持朝鲜的和平稳定,促进朝鲜民族的繁荣富强,同时保证外国居民的安宁生活,这一切无比清晰地表明,对朝鲜政府政权做出根本性改变是绝对必要的”。参见Proclamation of Japan Annexing Korea,August 22,1910,in Supplement to the American Journal of International Law,Vol. 4 (New York:Baker,Voorhis & Co.,1910),280-82。
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[137] S. C. M. Paine,The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895:Perceptions,Power,and Primacy (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003),270[引自伊藤(Ito)伯爵]。
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[138] Treaty of Shimonoseki,April 17,1895,in Treaties,Conventions,etc. Between China and Foreign States,Vol. 2 (Shanghai,1908),1318-24. 这段历史是从美国视角来看待的。参见Senate Report No. 752,46th Cong.,3rd Sess. (January 13,1881)。谈判的一部分内容可以参阅Pei-Kai Cheng,Michael Lestz,and Jonathan Spence,eds.,The Search for Modern China:A Documentary Collection (New York:W. W. Norton,1999),172-77。事件的概述可以参阅Paine,The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,247-93。
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[139] 参见,例如William L. Langer,The Diplomacy of Imperialism,1890-1902 (New York:Alfred A. Knopf,1956),167-94。
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[140] Ernest Batson Price,The Russo-Japanese Treaties of 1907-1916 Concerning Manchuria and Mongolia (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1933),15.
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[141] Sino-Russian Railway Agreements,1896,in Cheng,Lestz,and Spence,eds.,The Search for Modern China,177-81.
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[142] Paine,The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,293.
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[143] Paine,The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,290.
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[144] Paine,The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,290-93.
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[145] 日本对俄国的宣战诏书在日本军队对旅顺口发起攻击(这也是后来指控日本非法发动战争的由来)几小时后送抵俄国沙皇手中,宣战书解释说:“俄国,不顾她对中国做出的庄严条约承诺,不顾她对其他大国反复做出的保证,依然占领东北且巩固和加强了对三个省份的控制,并且最终决心要将其吞并。而且,由于俄国吞并东北,朝鲜的完整性将不可能维持,并且也会迫使人们放弃远东地区所有的和平希望,因此,在这种情况下,我们决定通过谈判来解决问题,从而确保永久和平。然而,谈判失败了:她拒绝了日本政府的提议;朝鲜处于危险之中,日本帝国的切身利益受到威胁。我们未能通过和平谈判确保未来和平。我们现在只能诉诸武力。”参见 Declaration of War,February 10,1904,in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States,with the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 6,1904 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1905),414。
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