1702916664
1702916665
随后发生的战争将成为两种竞争的世界观之间的较量:一方将《非战公约》视为一纸空文,另一方将其视为新的法律现实;一方坚持征服权,另一方拒绝征服权;一方坚持中立需要公正,另一方认为“和平制裁”是法律执行的基本手段;一方谴责经济制裁,另一方谴责军事力量。简而言之,这将是一场新旧世界秩序之间的战争。
1702916666
1702916667
[1] 参见Herbert P. Bix,Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York:Harper-Collins,2000),222-23;Hatsue Shinohara,“An Intellectual Foundation for the Road to Pearl Harbor:Quincy Wright and Tachi Sakutaro”(未出版手稿)[引自 Tachi Sakutarō,“Fusen Joyaku no Kokusaiho-kan”(《凯洛格-白里安公约》中的国际法观点),Kokusaiho Gaiko Zasshi 27 (December 1929):7]。
1702916668
1702916669
[2] 参见Further Correspondence with the Government of the United States Respecting the United States Proposal for the Renunciation of War,June 23,1928,Avalon Law Project,Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library,http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th century/kbbr.asp;David Hunter Miller,The Peace Pact of Paris:A Study of the Briand-Kellogg Treaty (New York:G. P. Putnam’s Sons,1928),196-200,232-33。
1702916670
1702916671
[3] 参见American Note,June 23,1928,in Miller,The Peace Pact of Paris,213-19。
1702916672
1702916673
[4] 参见,例如Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations,General Pact for the Renunciation of War,70th Cong. (December 7,11,1929)(国务卿凯洛格)。值得注意的是,英法与美国交换照会不是提出正式的保留意见,尽管有时它们被错误地认为是提出了保留意见。凯洛格明确否认英国和法国的照会构成对条约的保留。然而,他也承认交换照会将影响条约的解释。Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations,General Pact for the Renunciation of War,70th Cong. (December 7,11,1929)(“如果条约已经摆到桌上,并且在没有任何异议的情况下签署了,那么各国政府的照会中就绝对没有任何东西可以改变这个条约。当然,在这次讨论期间,通过与各国交换照会,也提出了许多关于该条约意义的问题。正是因为这个原因,我不愿就这个问题进行任何私下的讨论,我坚持以交换照会的方式进行谈判。”)
1702916674
1702916675
[5] Shinohara,“An Intellectual Foundation for the Road to Pearl Harbor.”
1702916676
1702916677
[6] 关于这些数据来源的更多资料,请参见第十四章。
1702916678
1702916679
[7] Mark Mazower,Hitler’s Empire:How the Nazis Ruled Europe (New York:Penguin,2008),576.
1702916680
1702916681
[8] 参见 American Note,June 23,1928,in Miller,The Peace Pact of Paris,213-19。
1702916682
1702916683
[9]Motosada Zumoto,Lytton Report and Japanese Reaction (Tokyo:Herald Press,1932),3.
1702916684
1702916685
[10]Motosada Zumoto,Lytton Report and Japanese Reaction (Tokyo:Herald Press,1932),4 (quoting General Muto).
1702916686
1702916687
[11]Motosada Zumoto,Lytton Report and Japanese Reaction (Tokyo:Herald Press,1932),10-19.
1702916688
1702916689
[12] 日本提供了一份长达40页的回复,这份回复后来与类似文件一起收录进了一本书中,构成了一个更为完整的案例。这本书包括了日本在国联的演讲和其他公开争论,于第二年出版。参见Japanese Delegation to the League of Nations,Japan’s Case in the Sino-Japanese Dispute as Presented Before the League of Nations (Geneva,1933)。
1702916690
1702916691
[13] 只有三个国联成员国没有签署《非战公约》。它们是玻利维亚、萨尔瓦多和乌拉圭。参见“Participant Status,International Treaty for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy,” United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office,accessed January 14,2016,http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/treaties/treatyrecord.htm?tid= 1829;League of Nations Economic Intelligence Service,Statistical Year-Book of the League of Nations 1942/44 (Geneva:League of Nations,1945),291。
1702916692
1702916693
[14] “Report of the Committee Appointed by the Council on January 15,1930,” LNOJ,Vol. 11,No. 5 (May 1930),353.
1702916694
1702916695
[15] 凯洛格在外交关系委员会做了一次广为传播的演讲,他试图在这次演讲中解释这些问题。他通过引用英国对《国际联盟盟约》的理解来解释说:“即使《国际联盟盟约》第10条也被解释为国联成员并非因此必须使用军事力量。”参见Frank B. Kellogg,“The War Prevention Policy of the United States,” American Journal of International Law 22,no. 2 (April 1928):260。
1702916696
1702916697
[16] “Report of the Committee Appointed by the Council,” 372. 其他缔约国所做的说明,“Report of the Committee Appointed by the Council,”,353-83;“Amendment of the Covenant of the League of Nations in Order to Bring It into Harmony with the Pact of Paris,” LNOJ,Vol. 12,No. 8 (August 1931),1596-1604。
1702916698
1702916699
[17] “Report of the Committee Appointed by the Council,” 353. 委员会首先从英国代表团提出的修正案开始讨论,该修正案首先指出了这个问题。参见“Amendment of the Covenant of the League of Nations,” 1601。
1702916700
1702916701
[18] “Report of the Committee Appointed by the Council,” 367. 德国代表是伯恩哈德·威廉·冯·布洛(Bernhard Wilhelm von Bulow)。
1702916702
1702916703
[19] “Report of the Committee Appointed by the Council,” 354.
1702916704
1702916705
[20] “Report of the Committee Appointed by the Council,”357.
1702916706
1702916707
[21] “Report of the Committee Appointed by the Council,”353.
1702916708
1702916709
[22] “Report of the Committee Appointed by the Council,”370.
1702916710
1702916711
[23] “Report of the Committee Appointed by the Council,”376.
1702916712
1702916713
[24] 秘鲁代表团提供了一个可能的答案:如果国联不能登记“作为因违反《非战公约》而爆发的战争的后果而以武力强加的任何和平条约”,并且如果国联“认为它可能包含的任何条款均为无效,并将尽一切努力恢复被武力破坏的现状,那就修改《国际联盟盟约》”。参见“Report of the Committee Appointed by the Council,” 364。各国对这一提议均保持沉默,可能是因为正如仅有的几个作出回应的代表之一所言,他的政府“尚没有做好准备考虑这样一种情况:国联在依据《国际联盟盟约》履行其职责时会如此失败,以至于使战争中的胜利者有可能违反《国际联盟盟约》而将一种蛮横的和平强加于被征服者身上”。“Report of the Committee Appointed by the Council,”379.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.702916664e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]