打字猴:1.70291674e+09
1702916740
1702916741 [38] HLS,diary entry,October 8,1931,reel 3,HSP YUL;Henry L. Stimson,The Far Eastern Crisis:Recollections and Observations (New York:Harper & Brothers,1936),60.
1702916742
1702916743 [39] Stimson,The Far Eastern Crisis,60.
1702916744
1702916745 [40] HLS,diary entry,October 9,1931,reel 3,HSP YUL.
1702916746
1702916747 [41] 赫斯特报团是美国著名报团,由威廉·赫斯特创立。到1935年,赫斯特报团拥有28份主要日报、18份杂志、数家电台和电影公司以及其他新闻服务机构,在美国公共生活中拥有巨大影响。今天在全球150多个国家和地区拥有350多个分支机构。——译者注
1702916748
1702916749 [42] Current,“The Stimson Doctrine,” 520.
1702916750
1702916751 [43] Stimson,The Far Eastern Crisis,60. See also Current,“The Stimson Doctrine,”516-21.
1702916752
1702916753 [44] HLS,diary entry,November 19,1931,reel 4,HSP YUL. 参见Current,“The Stimson Doctrine,” 520-21;Ray Lyman Wilbur and Arthur Mastocl Hyde,The Hoover Policies (New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1937),599-603。
1702916754
1702916755 [45] 11月27日,史汀生要求胡佛“重新考虑……某些支持禁运因素”。史汀生担心,“如果日本真的逃脱了惩罚,如果使用武力就能教会日本和世界其他国家,世界其他国家建设和平的高贵努力可以被日本此时蔑视它们的方式蔑视的话,这将是更高贵动机和更高贵政策的一个巨大的损失”。但胡佛不妥协。原因正如史汀生在日记中所说,“这位可怜的老总统处境很糟。正如他所说的,他一直在发表反对武力制裁的演说,他不能推翻自己的观点”。参见HLS,diary entry,November 27,1931,reel 4,HSP YUL。
1702916756
1702916757 [46] SOL to HLS,April 5,1929,box 45,folder 8,SLP UCL.
1702916758
1702916759 [47] HLS to SOL,telegram,July 17,1929,box 45,folder 8,SLP UCL.
1702916760
1702916761 [48] Correspondence between SOL and HLS from April 5,1929 to September 5,1930,box 45,folder 8,SLP UCL.
1702916762
1702916763 [49] HLS to SOL,January 2,1930,box 45,folder 8,SLP UCL.
1702916764
1702916765 [50] Salmon O. Levinson,“The Sanctions of Peace,” The Christian Century,December 25,1929,1603.
1702916766
1702916767 [51] Salmon O. Levinson,“The Sanctions of Peace,” The Christian Century,December 25,1929,1604. 也可参见David Turns,“The Stimson Doctrine of Non-Recognition:Its Historical Genesis and Influence on Contemporary International Law,” Chinese Journal of International Law 2,no. 1 (2003):116。当史汀生第一次和他的顾问讨论不承认问题时,其中一人以“布莱恩(Bryan)国务卿在1915年尝试过,但没有结果”为由而反对。参见Current,“The Stimson Doctrine,” 522。也可参见Roy Watson Curry,Woodrow Wilson and Far Eastern Policy,1913-1921 (New York:Bookman Associates,1957),128;Hersch Lauterpacht,Edwin M. Borchard,and Phoebe Morrison,“The Problem of Non-Recognition,” in Legal Problems in the Far Eastern Conflict (New York:Institute of Pacific Relations,1941),134-36。19世纪晚期和20世纪早期,英国政府也拒绝承认很多领土脱离奥斯曼帝国主权范围:1886年,保加利亚独立;1908年,奥匈帝国吞并波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那;意大利在1911年吞并利比亚。参见Thomas Barclay,The Turco-Italian War and Its Problems (London:Constable & Company,1912),41-42;Lauterpacht,Borchard,and Morrison,“The Problem of Non-Recognition,” 134-35。
1702916768
1702916769 [52] SOL to James G. McDonald,April 7,1928,quoted in John E. Stoner,S. O. Levinson and the Pact of Paris (Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1943),193.
1702916770
1702916771 [53] Stoner,S. O. Levinson and the Pact of Paris,192.
1702916772
1702916773 [54] Stimson,The Far Eastern Crisis,96-97. 也可参见 Turns,“The Stimson Doctrine of Non-Recognition,” 117-18;Robert H. Ferrell,American Diplomacy in the Great Depression:Hoover-Stimson Foreign Policy,1929-1933 (New Haven:Yale University Press,1957),157。
1702916774
1702916775 [55] Lauterpacht,Borchard,and Morrison,“The Problem of Non-Recognition,” 136.
1702916776
1702916777 [56] The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Japan (Forbes),telegram,January 7,1932,in U.S. Department of State,Peace and War:United States Foreign Policy,1931-1941 (Washington,DC:U.S. Government Printing Office,1983),159-60.
1702916778
1702916779 [57] Henry L. Stimson,“The Pact of Paris:Three Years of Development,” Foreign Affairs 11,no. 1 (October 1932). 该演讲在1932年8月发表,同年10月在《外交》(Foreign Affairs)杂志上再度发表。
1702916780
1702916781 [58] Felix Frankfurter to HLS,August 11,1932,reel 83,HSP YUL.
1702916782
1702916783 [59] 国联根据《国际联盟盟约》第十条接受了这条新途径。《国际联盟盟约》第十条规定,成员国承诺“尊重和保护……所有[其他]成员的领土完整和现有的政治独立”。一般参见Joseph Peter Andrew O’Mahoney,“Denying the Spoils of War?:The Politics of the Nonrecognition of Aggressive Gain” (PhD diss.,George Washington University,2012),117,Proquest (UMI 3524049)。《非战公约布达佩斯解释条款》(The Budapest Articles of Interpretation of the Pact of Paris)中有一项类似的声明:“[非战公约]签署国无权在法律上承认由于违反《非战公约》而事实上获得的任何领土或其他利益。”参见International Law Association,“The Effect of the Briand-Kellogg Pact of Paris on International Law,” in Report of the Thirty-Eighth Conference Held at Budapest in the Hungarian Academy of Science (London:Eastern Press,1935),6。也可参见 Quincy Wright,“The Legal Foundation of the Stimson Doctrine,” Pacific Affairs 8,no. 4 (December 1935)。
1702916784
1702916785 [60] League of Nations,Report of the League Assembly on the Manchurian Dispute (Nanking:International Relations Committee,1933),79.
1702916786
1702916787 [61] “Measures Proposed by the Advisory Committee in Connection with the Non-Recognition of ‘Manchukuo,’” in “Records of the Special Session of the Assembly Convened in Virtue of Article 15 of the Covenant at the Request of the Chinese Government,” LNOJ,Special Supplement,No. 113 (1933):10-13.也可参见O’Mahoney,“Denying the Spoils of War?,” 137-38;Westel W. Willoughby,The Sino-Japanese Controversy and the League of Nations (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1935),522-32。
1702916788
1702916789 [62] 在退出国联12年之后,阿根廷于1933年重新加入。苏联、阿富汗和厄瓜多尔于1934年加入,墨西哥于1937年加入。它们加入国联之后,就受到了国联规则的约束。
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