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[48] 1942年2月12日,委员会召开首次会议,下设五个小组委员会,国际组织特别小组委员会只是其中一个。参见“Minutes of AC-1,Meeting of February 12,1942,” box 190,folder 5,SWP FDRL。时任美国副国务卿爱德华·斯特蒂纽斯在日记中明确表示,该委员会的工作为后来在第一次国际会议上讨论的草案打下基础,联合国便是在此基础上建立起来的,尽管当时科德尔·赫尔和萨姆纳·威尔斯已经离开了国务院。参见Thomas M. Campbell and George Herring,eds.,The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius,Jr.,1943-1946 (New York:New Viewpoints,1975),103。更多关于委员会组成的资料,参见 Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,73-74。
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[49] 更多关于鲍曼的资料,参见 Neil Smith,American Empire:Roosevelt’s Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley:University of California Press,2003);Geoffrey J. Martin,The Life and Thought of Isaiah Bowman (Hamden,CT:Archon Books,1980)。在被任命该职的时候,他正在约翰·霍普金斯大学担任校长。据报道,1942年,他每周在国务院待几天。1944年,他成为斯特蒂纽斯率领的伦敦代表团的一员,后来,他加入了前往敦巴顿橡树园参加会议的美国代表团,并在旧金山召开的联合国国际组织会议上担任美国代表团顾问。在这一时期,詹姆斯·肖特维尔是与他进行思想交锋(intellectual interlocutors)的主要对象之一。Martin,The Life and Thought of Isaiah Bowman,141-86.
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[50] Isaiah Bowman,The New World:Problems in Political Geography (Yonkers-on-Hudson,NY:World Book Co.,1921).
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[51] United States Attorney General,“Opinion on Exchange of Over-Age Destroyers for Naval and Air Bases,” American Journal of International Law 34,no. 4 (1940):728-36.
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[52] Charles Mee,Meeting at Potsdam (New York:M. Evans,1975),215. 也可参见 William Lasser,Benjamin V. Cohen:Architect of the New Deal (New Haven:Yale University Press,2002)。
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[53] Stephen C. Schlesinger,Act of Creation:The Founding of the United Nations:A Story of Superpowers,Secret Agents,Wartime Allies and Enemies,and Their Quest for a Peaceful World (Cambridge,MA:Westview Press,203),33-35.帕斯沃尔斯基的助手哈利·诺特(Harley Notter)担任他的研究秘书。参见Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,82,108。
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[54] Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,108.除了在国际组织特别小组委员会里任职外,肖特维尔还在最重要的战后外交政策咨询委员会(Advisory Committee on Post-war Foreign Policy)任职,Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,73,以及以下机构任职:政治问题小组委员会(the Subcommittee on Political Problems),Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,97;法律问题特别小组委员会(Special Subcommittee on Legal Problems)Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,114;安全问题小组委员会(the Subcomittee on Security Problems),Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,124。
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[55] “James T. Shotwell,Historian,90,Dies,” New York Times,July 17,1965.
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[56] 1942年7月17日,该团队召开第一次会议。“Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” JTS to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8,SWP FDRL.
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[57] “Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” JTS to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,4.
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[58] “Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” JTS to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,8.
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[59] “Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” JTS to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,8-9.
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[60] “Preliminary Draft by J.T.S. of Revision of Articles I-VII of the Covenant,for Discussion,” August 21,1942,box 189,folder 6,Document 20,SWP,FDRL.
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[61] “Preliminary Draft by J.T.S. of Revision of Articles I-VII of the Covenant,for Discussion,” August 21,1942,box 189,folder 6,Document 20,SWP,FDRL.,1.
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[62] “Preliminary Draft by J.T.S. of Revision of Articles I-VII of the Covenant,for Discussion,” August 21,1942,box 189,folder 6,Document 20,SWP,FDRL.,1-2.
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[63] “Provisional Outline of International Organization (prepared by J.T.S.,August 31,1942)” (Document 99),August 31,1942,box 189,folder 8,SWP FDRL.
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[64] 就我们所知,此前没有人把肖特维尔与《联合国宪章》初稿联系起来。这份草案没有完整的签名,但签上了姓名首字母“J.T.S.”。我们相信,它们代表了詹姆斯·托马斯·肖特维尔。肖特维尔是小组委员会中唯一姓名中有这些首字母的人。此外,该草案的思想体现了三个星期前写给威尔斯的一份备忘录中的观点,这份备忘录签署了同样的姓名首字母,而随同备忘录一同交给威尔斯的则是一封肖特维尔写的附函。Letter from James T. Shotwell to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8 SWP FDRL;“Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” July 28,1942,box 192,folder 8 SWP FDRL.
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[65] “Provisional Outline of International Organization (prepared by J.T.S.,August 31,1942)” (Document 99),August 31,1942,box 189,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,5.
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[66] “Provisional Outline of International Organization (prepared by J.T.S.,August 31,1942)” (Document 99),August 31,1942,box 189,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,6.
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[67] “Provisional Outline of International Organization (prepared by J.T.S.,August 31,1942)” (Document 99),August 31,1942,box 189,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,7.大约在同一时间提交给委员会的另一份文件也提出了同样的观点,该文件很可能也是由肖特维尔撰写的,标题是《白里安-凯洛格公约》。在复述了两项执行条款之后,这份备忘录指出《白里安-凯洛格公约》具有两个重要的优点:一,它超越了《国际联盟盟约》,规定“全面禁止诉诸战争”;二,“它实现了比《国际联盟盟约》更大程度的普遍性”。备忘录承认,“另一方面,与《国际联盟盟约》不同,《白里安-凯洛格公约》没有规定任何永久性组织、程序和制裁”。参见“The Briand-Kellogg Pact,” August 26,1942,box 189,folder 6,Document 21,SWP FDRL。
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[68] “Minutes of October 30,1942,” box 189,folder 4,SWP FDRL.
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[69] “Preliminary Views on the Nature of Post-War International Organization,Minutes of August 7,1942,” box 189,folder 4,SWP FDRL.
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[70] 此外,《联合国宪章》最后草案还将向“所有其他爱好和平的国家开放成员国资格,这些国家接受本宪章所规定的义务,并根据本组织的判断,有能力且愿意履行这些义务”。参见 United Nations,Charter of the United Nations,October 23,1945。
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[71] “Minutes of December 11,1942,” box 189,folder 4,SWP FDRL.
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[72] 尽管它不再重复《白里安-凯洛格公约》,但它仍然认为“威胁或侵略行为”是被禁止的。1943年产生的草案主要用于描述本组织的架构,以确保原有的禁令得到执行。参见“Draft Constitution of International Organization,” March 26,1943,revised April 12,1943,box 189,folder 1,SWP FDRL。
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