打字猴:1.70291711e+09
1702917110
1702917111 [23] “Toward a Better World,” St. Louis Post Dispatch.
1702917112
1702917113 [24] Sumner Welles,Where Are We Heading? (New York:Harper & Brothers,1946),4.
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1702917115 [25] Sumner Welles,Where Are We Heading? (New York:Harper & Brothers,1946),4.
1702917116
1702917117 [26] 参见,例如Robert E. Sherwood,Roosevelt and Hopkins:An Intimate History (New York:Harper & Brothers,1948)。
1702917118
1702917119 [27] Robert E. Sherwood,Roosevelt and Hopkins:An Intimate History (New York:Harper & Brothers,1948),92,850.
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1702917121 [28] Robert E. Sherwood,Roosevelt and Hopkins:An Intimate History (New York:Harper & Brothers,1948),6.
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1702917123 [29] Welles,Sumner Welles,301 (quoting an interview with Franklin D. Roosevelt,Jr. in 1981).
1702917124
1702917125 [30] 一译“贾德干”。——译者注
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1702917127 [31] David Dilks,ed.,The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan,O.M.,1938-1943 (New York:G. P. Putnam & Sons,1971),397-99.
1702917128
1702917129 [32] Robert Dallek,Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy,1932-1945 (New York:Oxford University Press,1995),282.
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1702917131 [33] Winston Churchill,The Second World War:The Grand Alliance (New York:Houghton Mifflin,1950),Vol. 3,394.
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1702917133 [34] Dallek,Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy,1932-1945,282.
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1702917135 [35] Churchill,The Second World War:The Grand Alliance,385.
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1702917137 [36] Welles,Sumner Welles,304-7.
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1702917139 [37] The Atlantic Charter,August 14,1941. 威尔斯详细描述了编写过程,参见Welles,Where Are We Heading?,4-18;Memorandum of Conversation,by the Under Secretary of State (Welles)(August 11,1941),Avalon Law Project,Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library,http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/at09.asp。
1702917140
1702917141 [38] Sherwood,Roosevelt and Hopkins,442.
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1702917143 [39] Irwin F. Gellman,Secret Affairs:Franklin Roosevelt,Cordell Hull,and Sumner Welles (Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1995),272;Churchill,The Second World War:The Grand Alliance,590;604-5.
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1702917145 [40] Churchill,The Second World War:The Grand Alliance,605.
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1702917147 [41] “Declaration by the United Nations” (January 1,1942). 另外21个国家将会参战。
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1702917149 [42] “Tripartite Pact,” September 27,1940.
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1702917151 [43] “Tripartite Pact,” September 27,1940.
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1702917153 [44] Memo,Hull to Roosevelt,December 22,1941,参见 Harley A. Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,1939-1945 (Washington,DC:U.S. Department of State,1950),63-65. 1942年2月12日,这个委员会第一次碰头。Robert Hildebrand,Dumbarton Oaks:The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security (Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press 1990),13,262 n. 16.
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1702917155 [45] Welles,Seven Decisions That Shaped History,132-34;Dallek,Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy,149. 在隔离演讲之后,威尔斯私下里鼓励罗斯福召开一次“和平会议”,制定“基本准则”和“国际行为标准”。但当赫尔提出反对时,罗斯福就搁置此事,按下不提。Welles,Seven Decisions That Shaped History,132-34;Dallek,Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy,149.
1702917156
1702917157 [46] Welles,Seven Decisions That Shaped History,132-34.威尔斯后来写道,第一夫人建议的不开放国际委员会的决定是一个可怕的错误,这是一个他公开批评总统的罕见例子。珍珠港事件发生后的第二年,美国的力量——军事力量和道德权威——达到了顶峰。当时,除其他事项外,苏联依赖《租借法案》为其提供武器,以便他们继续战斗。假如那时总统就战后政治和领土安排问题寻求达成一项牢固的协议,“难道我们的影响力不足以将这些安排控制在和平会议愿意接受的合法和公平的范围内吗?” Welles,Seven Decisions That Shaped History,141.如果谈判能早点结束,罗斯福也许就不会被迫做出后来在雅尔塔向斯大林做出的让步。1943年冬季过后,苏军迫使德军后撤,“谈判的最好时机已经丧失”。Welles,Seven Decisions That Shaped History,143.
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1702917159 [47] Notter,Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation,79.
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