打字猴:1.702917174e+09
1702917174
1702917175 [55] “James T. Shotwell,Historian,90,Dies,” New York Times,July 17,1965.
1702917176
1702917177 [56] 1942年7月17日,该团队召开第一次会议。“Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” JTS to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8,SWP FDRL.
1702917178
1702917179 [57] “Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” JTS to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,4.
1702917180
1702917181 [58] “Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” JTS to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,8.
1702917182
1702917183 [59] “Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” JTS to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,8-9.
1702917184
1702917185 [60] “Preliminary Draft by J.T.S. of Revision of Articles I-VII of the Covenant,for Discussion,” August 21,1942,box 189,folder 6,Document 20,SWP,FDRL.
1702917186
1702917187 [61] “Preliminary Draft by J.T.S. of Revision of Articles I-VII of the Covenant,for Discussion,” August 21,1942,box 189,folder 6,Document 20,SWP,FDRL.,1.
1702917188
1702917189 [62] “Preliminary Draft by J.T.S. of Revision of Articles I-VII of the Covenant,for Discussion,” August 21,1942,box 189,folder 6,Document 20,SWP,FDRL.,1-2.
1702917190
1702917191 [63] “Provisional Outline of International Organization (prepared by J.T.S.,August 31,1942)” (Document 99),August 31,1942,box 189,folder 8,SWP FDRL.
1702917192
1702917193 [64] 就我们所知,此前没有人把肖特维尔与《联合国宪章》初稿联系起来。这份草案没有完整的签名,但签上了姓名首字母“J.T.S.”。我们相信,它们代表了詹姆斯·托马斯·肖特维尔。肖特维尔是小组委员会中唯一姓名中有这些首字母的人。此外,该草案的思想体现了三个星期前写给威尔斯的一份备忘录中的观点,这份备忘录签署了同样的姓名首字母,而随同备忘录一同交给威尔斯的则是一封肖特维尔写的附函。Letter from James T. Shotwell to Sumner Welles,July 30,1942,box 192,folder 8 SWP FDRL;“Preliminary Memorandum on International Organization,” July 28,1942,box 192,folder 8 SWP FDRL.
1702917194
1702917195 [65] “Provisional Outline of International Organization (prepared by J.T.S.,August 31,1942)” (Document 99),August 31,1942,box 189,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,5.
1702917196
1702917197 [66] “Provisional Outline of International Organization (prepared by J.T.S.,August 31,1942)” (Document 99),August 31,1942,box 189,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,6.
1702917198
1702917199 [67] “Provisional Outline of International Organization (prepared by J.T.S.,August 31,1942)” (Document 99),August 31,1942,box 189,folder 8,SWP FDRL.,7.大约在同一时间提交给委员会的另一份文件也提出了同样的观点,该文件很可能也是由肖特维尔撰写的,标题是《白里安-凯洛格公约》。在复述了两项执行条款之后,这份备忘录指出《白里安-凯洛格公约》具有两个重要的优点:一,它超越了《国际联盟盟约》,规定“全面禁止诉诸战争”;二,“它实现了比《国际联盟盟约》更大程度的普遍性”。备忘录承认,“另一方面,与《国际联盟盟约》不同,《白里安-凯洛格公约》没有规定任何永久性组织、程序和制裁”。参见“The Briand-Kellogg Pact,” August 26,1942,box 189,folder 6,Document 21,SWP FDRL。
1702917200
1702917201 [68] “Minutes of October 30,1942,” box 189,folder 4,SWP FDRL.
1702917202
1702917203 [69] “Preliminary Views on the Nature of Post-War International Organization,Minutes of August 7,1942,” box 189,folder 4,SWP FDRL.
1702917204
1702917205 [70] 此外,《联合国宪章》最后草案还将向“所有其他爱好和平的国家开放成员国资格,这些国家接受本宪章所规定的义务,并根据本组织的判断,有能力且愿意履行这些义务”。参见 United Nations,Charter of the United Nations,October 23,1945。
1702917206
1702917207 [71] “Minutes of December 11,1942,” box 189,folder 4,SWP FDRL.
1702917208
1702917209 [72] 尽管它不再重复《白里安-凯洛格公约》,但它仍然认为“威胁或侵略行为”是被禁止的。1943年产生的草案主要用于描述本组织的架构,以确保原有的禁令得到执行。参见“Draft Constitution of International Organization,” March 26,1943,revised April 12,1943,box 189,folder 1,SWP FDRL。
1702917210
1702917211 [73] 代表团于1940年9月16日出发,据称该事件发生在9月17日。这场政治博弈酝酿了三年多时间。参见 Welles,Sumner Welles,2。
1702917212
1702917213 [74] Welles,Sumner Welles,271-73.
1702917214
1702917215 [75] Welles,Sumner Welles,1-3,27,272-79,341-49.
1702917216
1702917217 [76] Hilderbrand,Dumbarton Oaks,30.
1702917218
1702917219 [77] Hilderbrand,Dumbarton Oaks,30.
1702917220
1702917221 [78] “Plan for the Establishment of an International Organization for the Maintenance of International Peace and Security,” December 23,1943,FRUS,1944,Vol. 1 (General),615.
1702917222
1702917223 [79] “Plan for the Establishment of an International Organization for the Maintenance of International Peace and Security,” December 23,1943,FRUS,1944,Vol. 1 (General),614 n. 2.
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