打字猴:1.70291854e+09
1702918540
1702918541 [128] Hans Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility in International Law with Particular Regard to the Punishment of War Criminals,” California Law Review 31 (1943),533-34(在上面的引用中,“侵害”被替换成了“违反”)。
1702918542
1702918543 [129] Hans Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility in International Law with Particular Regard to the Punishment of War Criminals,” California Law Review 31 (1943),533-34(在上面的引用中,“侵害”被替换成了“违反”)。
1702918544
1702918545 [130] Memorandum of Hans Kelsen,at 4-5.
1702918546
1702918547 [131] 凯尔森在下面这篇文章中第一次提出这个问题,参见 Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility”。这篇文章于1943年发表,杰克逊可能读过它,因为他在论文中摘录过引文。在这篇文章中,凯尔森更全面地讨论了这个问题,参见Kelsen,“The rule against ex post facto laws and the prosecution of the axis war Criminals,” Judge Advocate Journal 2,no. 3 (Fall/Winter 1945):10。这几乎可以肯定是来自他为威尔写的备忘录,杰克逊可能也读过。
1702918548
1702918549 [132] Kelsen,“The rule against ex post facto laws and the prosecution of the axis war Criminals,” Judge Advocate Journal 2,no. 3 (Fall/Winter 1945):10。“随后的条约并不会使一项法律行动变成事后非法。它只会将犯罪者的个人责任加入现有国际法所规定的非法行动的集体责任当中。”
1702918550
1702918551 [133] 凯尔森还提到了这么做在政治上的好处。以这种方式改革国际法将使对战争罪的起诉更容易被接受。“国际法庭对战争罪行的惩罚……肯定会遇到更少的阻力,因为在对国际法进行全面改革的框架内进行这项工作,对民族感情的伤害就会小得多。其目的是通过确定那些以国家代理人的身份违反国际法行为的个人责任来完成对国家违反国际法集体责任的确定。” Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility,” 565.
1702918552
1702918553 [134] Memorandum of Robert Jackson,July 5,1945,box 104,reel 10,RJP LOC.
1702918554
1702918555 [135] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,137-38,395.
1702918556
1702918557 [136] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,423.
1702918558
1702918559 [137] 在装着其法律意见书的文件夹的背面,施米特写道,是律师沃尔特·施米特委托的。参见 Helmut Quaritsch,“Zur Entstehung des Gutachtens 1945,” in Carl Schmitt,Das internationalrechtliche Verbrechen des Angriffskrieges und der Grundsatz “Nullum crimen,nulla poena sine lege,” ed. Helmut Quartisch (Berlin:Duncker & Humblot,1994),125。几乎可以肯定,施米特是通过他的助手康拉德·卡勒奇(Konrad Kaletsch)代表弗利克行事的。参见Hubert Seliger,Politische Anwalte?Die Verteidiger der Nurnberger Prozesse (Baden-Baden:Nomos,2016),228。
1702918560
1702918561 [138] 关于这份备忘录更多的背景介绍,参见 Helmut Quaritsch’s Introduction in Schmitt,Verbrechen,以及Timothy Nunan,Notes on the Text,in Schmitt,Writings on War,125。
1702918562
1702918563 [139] 关于施米特对《凯洛格-白里安公约》的讨论,参见“The International Crime of the War of Aggression,” in Schmitt,Writings on War,155-64。
1702918564
1702918565 [140] “The International Crime of the War of Aggression,” in Schmitt,Writings on War,161.
1702918566
1702918567 [141] “The International Crime of the War of Aggression,” in Schmitt,Writings on War,159(引自 William Borah,Testimony Before the United States Senate)(“该条约并非建立在任何关于武力或惩罚性措施的理论之上。……没有制裁措施;该条约基于一种完全不同的哲学……换句话说,当条约被破坏时,美国是绝对自由的。它可以自由地选择自己的政策,就好像该条约从来没有存在过一样”)。
1702918568
1702918569 [142] “The International Crime of the War of Aggression,” in Schmitt,Writings on War,190.
1702918570
1702918571 [143] “The International Crime of the War of Aggression,” in Schmitt,Writings on War,150.
1702918572
1702918573 [144] 弗利克最终于1947年被盟国起诉。
1702918574
1702918575 [145] “The International Crime of the War of Aggression,” in Schmitt,Writings on War,125-26.
1702918576
1702918577 [146] 弗利克的副手康拉德·卡勒奇聘请施米特为弗利克辩护,他也聘请了迪克斯。参见 Nobert Frei,Ralf Ahrens,Jörg Osterloh,and Tim Schanetsky,Flick:Der Konzern,die Familie,die Macht (Munich:Karl Blessing Verlag,2009),405。
1702918578
1702918579 [147] Schmitt,Glossarium,138 (“Dix nannte mein Expose vom Sommer 1945 damals eine ‘volkerrechtliche Seminarubung.’”).
1702918580
1702918581 [148] Schmitt,Writings on War,196.
1702918582
1702918583 [149] Schmitt,Writings on War,196.
1702918584
1702918585 [150] 参见,例如Schmitt,Writings on War,197。
1702918586
1702918587
1702918588
1702918589
[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.70291854e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]