打字猴:1.7029185e+09
1702918500
1702918501 [108] 参见Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,331。
1702918502
1702918503 [109] Smith,The American Road to Nuremberg,182.
1702918504
1702918505 [110] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,51.
1702918506
1702918507 [111] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,51.
1702918508
1702918509 [112] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,51.
1702918510
1702918511 [113] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,53.
1702918512
1702918513 [114] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,335. See also arguments by Gros on pp. 295,297.
1702918514
1702918515 [115] Jackson diary,May 10 1945,box 95,RJP LOC.
1702918516
1702918517 [116] .关于劳特派特的优秀传记,以及他在发展反人类罪的法律基础方面作用的讨论,请参阅 Philippe Sands,East West Street:On the Origins of “Genocide” and “Crimes Against Humanity” (New York:Alfred A. Knopf,2016)。
1702918518
1702918519 [117] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,383-84.
1702918520
1702918521 [118] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,299.
1702918522
1702918523 [119] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,384.
1702918524
1702918525 [120] Hans Kelsen to Roscoe Pound,September 8,1943,box 140,reel 7,RPP HLS.
1702918526
1702918527 [121] Hans Kelsen to Roscoe Pound,April 15,1943,box 140,reel 7,RPP HLS.
1702918528
1702918529 [122] 参见,例如,Archibald MacLeish to Roscoe Pound,September 20,1943,RPP HLS。
1702918530
1702918531 [123] Thomas Olechowski,“Kelsen,the Second World War and the US Government,” in D. A. Jeremy Telman,ed.,Hans Kelsen in America—Selective Affinities and the Mysteries of Academic Influence (Switzerland:Springer Verlag,2016).
1702918532
1702918533 [124] 据奥莱霍夫斯基考证,这些备忘录的标题是:1)关于起诉欧洲轴心国战犯的执行协议草案;2)关于起诉欧洲轴心国战犯的协定;3)关于反对追溯既往法律的规定;4)关于侵略的定义;5)关于“发动侵略战争是一种罪行吗?”问题;6)日本政府签署的投降书;7)关于惩治战犯和《联合国宪章》;8)关于未经事先警告而准备、发动和开始敌对行动的战争罪行。Thomas Olechowski,“Kelsen,the Second World War and the US Government,” in D. A. Jeremy Telman,ed.,Hans Kelsen in America—Selective Affinities and the Mysteries of Academic Influence (Switzerland:Springer Verlag,2016),106.
1702918534
1702918535 [125] Jackson,Report of Robert H. Jackson,121;“Amendments proposed by the United Kingdom Delegation to the United States Draft Protocol,” June 28,1945,in Thomas Olechowski,“Kelsen,the Second World War and the US Government,” in D. A. Jeremy Telman,ed.,Hans Kelsen in America—Selective Affinities and the Mysteries of Academic Influence (Switzerland:Springer Verlag,2016),86;“Minutes of Conference Session of June 29,1945,” in Thomas Olechowski,“Kelsen,the Second World War and the US Government,” in D. A. Jeremy Telman,ed.,Hans Kelsen in America—Selective Affinities and the Mysteries of Academic Influence (Switzerland:Springer Verlag,2016),99.
1702918536
1702918537 [126] 参见 Memorandum of Hans Kelsen,n.d.,box 104,reel 10,pp. 2-3,RJP LOC。关于这一思想的更早表达,参见Hans Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility in International Law with Particular Regard to the Punishment of War Criminals,” California Law Review 31 (1943):533。
1702918538
1702918539 [127] Hans Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility in International Law with Particular Regard to the Punishment of War Criminals,” California Law Review 31 (1943),533-34,538-40.
1702918540
1702918541 [128] Hans Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility in International Law with Particular Regard to the Punishment of War Criminals,” California Law Review 31 (1943),533-34(在上面的引用中,“侵害”被替换成了“违反”)。
1702918542
1702918543 [129] Hans Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility in International Law with Particular Regard to the Punishment of War Criminals,” California Law Review 31 (1943),533-34(在上面的引用中,“侵害”被替换成了“违反”)。
1702918544
1702918545 [130] Memorandum of Hans Kelsen,at 4-5.
1702918546
1702918547 [131] 凯尔森在下面这篇文章中第一次提出这个问题,参见 Kelsen,“Collective and Individual Responsibility”。这篇文章于1943年发表,杰克逊可能读过它,因为他在论文中摘录过引文。在这篇文章中,凯尔森更全面地讨论了这个问题,参见Kelsen,“The rule against ex post facto laws and the prosecution of the axis war Criminals,” Judge Advocate Journal 2,no. 3 (Fall/Winter 1945):10。这几乎可以肯定是来自他为威尔写的备忘录,杰克逊可能也读过。
1702918548
1702918549 [132] Kelsen,“The rule against ex post facto laws and the prosecution of the axis war Criminals,” Judge Advocate Journal 2,no. 3 (Fall/Winter 1945):10。“随后的条约并不会使一项法律行动变成事后非法。它只会将犯罪者的个人责任加入现有国际法所规定的非法行动的集体责任当中。”
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