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1702919720 [6] U.N. General Assembly Resolution 181,U.N. GAOR,1st Sess.,at 131,139,U.N. Doc. A/64 (1946);Carol Migdalovitz,Israel:Background and Relations with the United States (Washington,DC:Congressional Research Service,2009),7.
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1702919722 [7] “The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (May 14,1948),” Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs,2016年1月13日访问,2016,http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establish ment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx。
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1702919724 [8] 沙特阿拉伯派遣了一支特遣队,在埃及指挥下行动;也门也宣布对以作战,但没有采取直接行动。David Ben Gurion,“Israel:A Personal History,” in Israel in the Middle East:Documents and Readings on Society,Politics,and Foreign Relations,Pre-1948 to the Present,ed. Itamar Rabinovich and Jehuda Reinharz (New York:Oxford University Press,1984),15.
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1702919726 [9] “Israel’s Diplomatic Missions Abroad:Status of Relations,” Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs,accessed January 13,2016,http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About TheMinistry/Pages/Israel-s%20Diplomatic%20Missions%20Abroad.aspx.
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1702919728 [10] John Kampfner,“NS Interview:Jack Straw,” New Statesman,November 18,2002,http://www. newstatesman. com/node/156641.
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1702919730 [11] Case Concerning Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh,Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore),International Court of Justice,May 23,2008. 参见Brian Taylor Summer,“Territorial Disputes at the International Court of Justice,” Duke Law Journal(2004)(描述了2004年之前国际法院审理的9起边界争端);Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger)(July 20,2010);Carter Center,Approaches to Solving Territorial Conflicts:Sources,Situations,Scenarios,and Suggestions (May 2010)(描述了国际法院处理的14起领土冲突)。此外,国际法院还解决了许多海洋争端,部分原因是《海洋法公约》要求各国选择一种争端解决方式,而国际法院恰好是一种选择。
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1702919732 [12] 卡特中心总结了一些已知的案例,参见Approaches to Solving Territorial Conflicts。除了常设仲裁法院的案件外,还有数目不详的私下特别仲裁和其他调解决议。Approaches to Solving Territorial Conflicts。
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1702919734 [13] The United Nations and Decolonization:Trusteeship Council,http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/trusteeship.shtml.
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1702919736 [14] United Nations Office of Legal Affairs,Handbook on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes Between States (New York,1992),111-23.
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1702919738 [15] U.N. Security Council Resolution 1246 (1999).
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1702919740 [16] “South Sudan—Birth of a Nation—July 9,2011,” YouTube video,2:07,posted by ForPolExmnr,July 11,2014,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= M8xP BE5ccpc.
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1702919742 [17] “South Sudan Profile—Overview,” BBC News,accessed January 17,2016,http://www. bbc.com/news/world-africa-14019208.
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1702919744 [18] Carol Berger,“Old Enmities in Newest Nation:Behind the Fighting in South Sudan,” The New Yorker,January 23,2014.
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1702919746 [19] Jairo Munive,“Invisible Labour:The Political Economy of Reintegration in South Sudan,” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 8,no. 4 (2014):334,339.
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1702919748 [20] Simon Tisdall,“South Sudan President Sacks Cabinet in Power Struggle,” The Guardian,July 24,2013.
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1702919750 [21] Alastain Leithead,“South Sudan’s Men of Dishonour,” BBC News,September 28,2015.
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1702919752 [22] 根据“政体Ⅳ——1800~2014年度失败国家时间序列”数据计算得出,2016年1月18日访问,http://www. systemicpeace. org/inscrdata.html。(该图表是通过将所有polity2=0的情况汇总制作而成的,polity2=0表明了一段“‘政权空位期’,在此期间,中央政治权威完全崩溃。”)
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1702919754 [23] Munive,“Invisible Labour,” 339.
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1702919756 [24] Monty G. Marshall,Ted R. Gurr,and Keith Jaggers,“PolityⅣProject:Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions,1800-2015,” Center for Systemic Peace,May 19,2016,19.
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1702919758 [25] “国内战争”包括内战,指的是军事行动发生在国家内部、民族国家政府介入、双方积极抵抗、死亡人数超过1000人的国家内部战争。它还包括:“族群间战争”(intercommunal wars),指的是涉及两个族群参与的战争,没有一方是政府;地区战争,涉及一个地方政府或地区政府作为参战一方。参见Meredith Reid Sarkees,“The COW Typology of War:Defining and Categorizing Wars (Version 4 of the Data),”“Correlates of War” project。
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1702919760 [26] 联合国的创始者们认为,联合国将拥有自己的军队,从会员国集结而成。参见U.N. Charter,Art. 47。但这一愿景从未实现,联合国在形成之前就成为冷战的牺牲品。
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1702919765 反战之战:律师、政客与知识分子如何重塑世界 [:1702913198]
1702919766 反战之战:律师、政客与知识分子如何重塑世界 第十六章 驱逐
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1702919768 2000年,乔治·W. 布什在他的第一次总统竞选活动中开始宣扬自由贸易的福音,不过,这位来自得克萨斯州的共和党人以其标志性风格说错了话。他在纽约州罗切斯特市向一头雾水的听众宣布:“如果把那些小猎犬和巴立夫们(terriers and bariffs)[1]都消除了,经济就会增长!”[2]
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