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[21] Byock,Medieval Iceland,29;Bessason and Glendinning,Laws of Early Iceland,92.
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[22] Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Art. 60,May 23,1969,1155 U.N.T.S. 331.
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[23] United Nations International Law Commission,Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts,with Commentaries,Report of the International Law Commission on the Worl of its Fifty-Third Session [2001],U.N. Doc. A/56/20.
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[24] Case Concerning the Air Service Agreement of March 27,1946 between the United States of America and France,Reports of International Arbitral Awards,Vol. 18 (December 9,1978).
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[25] Treaty Concerning the Formation of a General Postal Union,October 9,1874,19 Stat. 577. 万国邮政联盟一开始被称为“邮政总联盟”(General Postal Union)。
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[26] Treaty Concerning the Formation of a General Postal Union,October 9,1874,19 Stat. 577. 万国邮政联盟一开始被称为“邮政总联盟”(General Postal Union)。
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[27] Treaty Concerning the Formation of a General Postal Union,October 9,1874,19 Stat. 577.(“当一国不遵守关于过境自由的第28条规定时,各行政当局有权停止与该国的邮政服务。他们必须以电报方式事先将这一措施通知涉及的行政当局。”)也可参见 George A. Codding,Jr.,The Universal Postal Union:Coordinator of the International Mails (New York:New York University Press,1964),112(指出,“自1920年以来,类似的条款已被列入邮政公约”)。
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[28] International Coffee Agreement,September 28,2007,http://www.ico.org/documents/ica2007e.pdf;Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,March 3,1973,993 U.N.T.S. 243.
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[29] Robert H. Jackson,“Address of Robert H. Jackson,Attorney General of the United States,Inter-American Bar Association,Havana,Cuba,March 27,1941,” American Journal of International Law 35,no. 2 (April 1941).
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[30] Pablo D. Fajgelbaum and Amit K. Khandelwal,“Measuring the Unequal Gains from Trade,” NBER Working Paper No. 20331 (July 2014):39,Table 4(中等消费者贸易收益,按国家分类)。
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[31] Scott C. Bradford,Paul L. E. Greico,and Gary Clyde Hufbauer,“The Payoff to America from Global Integration,” in C. Fred Bergsten,ed.,The United States and the World Economy:Foreign Economic Policy for the Next Decade (Washington,DC:Institute for International Economics,2005),69;Christian Broda and David E. Weinstein,“Globalization and the Gains from Variety,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 121,no. 2 (2006):541-85.
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[32] 俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京对它的重要性有着深刻认识,他的本科论文就是关于这个主题,参见:“The Most Favored Nation Trading Principle in International Law.” Allen C. Lynch,Vladimir Putin and Russian Statecraft (Washington,DC:Potomac Books,2011),15。
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[33] 有几个例外。特别是,加入像欧盟或《北美自由贸易协定》等区域性贸易联盟的成员国可以向联盟内的成员国提供更优惠的条件,而无须向世贸组织所有成员提供同样的条件。
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[34] General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,January 1,1948,55 U.N.T.S. 194.
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[35] General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,January 1,1948,Art. 23.
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[36] R. Rajesh Babu,Remedies Under the WTO Legal System (Leiden:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2012),240.
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[37] “United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Certain Steel Products,” World Trade Organization,accessed January 26,2015,https://www.wto.org/english/tratop _e/dispu _e/cases _e/ds248 _e.htm;Warren Vieth,“Steel Tariffs Are Judged Illegal,” Los Angeles Times,November 11,2003;Jonathan Weisman,“Bush Rescinds Tariffs on Steel,” Washington Post,December 5,2003.
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[38] Thomas Hobbes,Behemoth,ed. Ferdinand Tonnies (London:Frank Cass,1969),7.
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[39] “United States—Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services,” World Trade Organization,2016年1月25日访问,http://www.wto.org/english/tratop _e/dispu _e/cases _e/ds285 _e.htm。
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[40] Karen Jacobs Sparks,ed.,Encyclopedia Britannica Book of the Year 2011 (Chicago:Encyclopedia Britannica,2011),512.
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[41] Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel,Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment,October 12,1984,1465 U.N.T.S. 85.
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[42] 本节中蒂蒂娜·洛伊兹多的故事来源如下:Michel Faure,“L’espoir de Titina” (“Titina’s Hope”),L’Express (Paris),March 22,2004,http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/europe/l-espoir-de-titina _490287.html;Janet McMahon,“European Court of Human Rights Rules in Favor of Woman Seeking to Regain Family Home in Kyrenia,” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs (September 1999),http://www.wrmea.org/1999-september/european-court-of-human-rights-rules-in-favor-of-woman-seeking-to-regain-family-home-in-kyrenia.html. 关于洛伊兹多在欧洲人权法院的陈述,参见“Statement of Applicant Titina Loizidou,” December 14,1990,Hellenic Resources Network,2016年1月28日访问,http://www. hri. org/news/special/loizidou/tstatemnt.html。
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[43] “Cyprus—‘Women Walk Home,’” YouTube video,33:51,posted by “grokked,” March 11,2014,www.youtube.com/watch?v= AbMLVo6cw0M (9:50).
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[44] European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms,November 4,1950,213 U.N.T.S. 222.《欧洲人权公约》第46条要求“公约”缔约国遵守法院的决定(“缔约各国承诺在它们作为当事一方的任何案件中服从法院的最后判决”)。在做出最后判决后,法院自动将文件转交给欧洲委员会部长委员会,然后由该委员会负责监督执行判决。
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[45] Statement of Applicant Titina Loizidou,Loisidou v. Turkey,December 14,1990.
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