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即便是再审慎的家庭也得格外注意健康问题。下层中产阶级家庭的年收入除去必要开销,只能保证有6英镑的富余用来应对看病求医之类的紧急情况,而工人阶级家庭仅仅只有3英镑。虽说会有社会力量和互助性慈善团体,例如共济会以及面对下层中产阶级的“水牛共济会”、“古德鲁伊教派”、“秘密共济会”和“福雷斯特兄弟会”等互助团体,在某个家庭的赚钱主力突然病倒或者去世时,提供一些应急性的帮助,但是为数不少的中产阶级家庭和更多的工人阶级家庭都只有刚好能糊口的家庭收入,离青黄不接也就一线之隔。这也是为什么道德学家们会不断宣扬“节俭节制是有益身体与心灵的美德”的原因。然而,即使是最会节俭、最会精打细算的家庭,生活成本如果稍有波动也可能意味着灾难,这也就解释了为什么粮食价格问题从始至终都是痛苦的政治纷争的源头。
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[1]LA,Norwood Conservative Association,IV/166/1/13.
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[2]Turton,62,69-70.
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[3]Victorian City,1,371.
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[4]BPP,Reports …Industrial Factories,497.
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[5]Sanger,30.
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[6]Victorian City,1,368.
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[7]Builder,6 October 1894.
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[8]Victorian City,1,67.
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[9]Bunker,72.
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[10]Saturday Review,3 January 1885.
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[11]Booth,335,336,354.
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[12]Miles,52.
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[13]Griffen,63,65.
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[14]Statistical Abstract…1891 to 1905,39.
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[15]Hollams,149-150.
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[16]Devizes Division,passim;detailed individual tax returns from this period are rare .
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[17]Saville,377;TES,4 October 1910;5 September 1911.
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[18]The Times,12 May 1866.
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[19]Medical Times,10 October 1864.
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[20]Booth,441;MacKenzie and Mathew ,159-165.
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[21]Griffen,44.
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[22]Army Medical Department Report for the Year 1899,38-39.
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[23]MacKenzie and Mathew ,167-170,209-210,247.
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[24]Morrison,passim;Colmore,passim;Layard,passim.
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