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(24)H. H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills, eds., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, New York: Oxford University Press, 1946, pp. 294-295; Max Weber, Social and Economic Organization, New York: The Free Press, 1947, pp. 130-131.
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(25)Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990, pp. 123-141; Pierre Bourdieu, “Social Space and Symbolic Power”, Sociological Theory, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1989), pp. 14-25.
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(26)Winston W. Lo, An Introduction to the Civil Service of Sung China, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987, p. 24.
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(27)Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865-1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986; Philip A. Kuhn, “Local Self-government under the Republic”, in Fredrick Wakeman & Carolyn Grant, eds., Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975, pp. 257-298; Chü T’ung-tsu, Local Government in China Under the Ch’ing, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962; John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972; Joseph W. Esherick & Mary Backus Rankin, Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990.
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(28)Hsieh Pao-chao, The Government of China, 1644-1911, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1925.
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(29)Hsiao Kung-chuan, Rural China, Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; Chü T’ung-tsu, Local Government in China Under the Ch’ing, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962.
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(30)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.
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(31)Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865-1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986.
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(32)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972, p. 154.
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(33)John R. Watt, “The Yamen and Urban Administration”, in William G. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, p. 372.
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(34)Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865-1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986, pp. 19, 132.
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(35)Prasenjit Duara, Culture, Power, and the State, Rural North China, 1900-1942, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988.
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(36)Philip C. C. Huang, The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985.
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(37)Philip A. Kuhn, “Local Self-government under the Republic”, in Fredrick Wakeman & Carolyn Grant, eds., Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975, pp. 257-298.
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(38)Philip A. Kuhn, “Local Self-government under the Republic”, in Fredrick Wakeman & Carolyn Grant, eds., Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975, pp. 262, 279.
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(39)Prasenjit Duara, Culture, Power, and the State, Rural North China, 1900-1942, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988, p. 43.
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(40)Prasenjit Duara, Culture, Power, and the State, Rural North China, 1900-1942, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988, Chapter 3.
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(41)关于这场学术争论中各家所持的不同观点,参见Philip C. C. Huang,“‘Public Sphere’/‘Civil Society’in China?The Third Realm between State and Society”, Modern China, Vo.19, No.2(1993), pp. 251-298; William T. Rowe,“The Problem of‘Civil Society’in Late Imperial China”, Modern China, Vol.19, No.2(1993), pp. 139-157; Mary Backus Rankin,“Some Observations on a Chinese Public Sphere”, Modern China, Vol.19, No.2(1993), pp. 158-182; Frederic Evans Wakeman, Jr.,“The Civil Society and Public Sphere Debate: Western Reflection on Chinese Political Culture”, Modern China, Vol.19, No.2(1993), pp. 108-138。上述论文,均刊登在Modern China在1992年出版的第19卷第2辑《中国的“公共领域”/“市民社会”?中国研究中的范式问题》专号(The Symposium“‘Public Sphere’/‘Civil Society’in China?Paradigmatic Issues in Chinese Studies”)的第三部分。
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(42)William T. Rowe, “The Problem of‘Civil Society’in Late Imperial China”, Modern China, Vol. 19, No. 2 (1993), pp. 139-157.
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(43)Philip C. C. Huang, “Between Informal Mediation and Formal Adjudication: The Third Realm of Qing Justice”, Modern China, Vo. 19, No. 3 (1993), pp. 216-240; Philip C. C. Huang, “‘Public Sphere’/‘Civil Society’in China?The Third Realm between State and Society”, Modern China, Vo. 19, No. 2 (1993), pp. 251-298; Philip C. C. Huang, Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.
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(44)Philip C. C. Huang, Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996, p. 110.
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(45)S. N. Eisenstadt, The Political Systems of Empires, New York: The Free Press, 1963, p. 27.
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(46)Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp. 1-2.
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(47)译者注:在英文原书中,作者经常在相对于国家(state)、社会(society)、县衙或个人而言的不同语境中使用“community”一词。译者通常将“community”译为“社区”。
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“community”作为一个学术概念,有学者认为最早始于英国法律史学者梅因(Henry Sumner Maine)1871年出版的Village-Communities in the East and West一书(此书已有中译本,即[英]梅因:《东西方乡村社会》,刘莉译,苗文龙校,北京:知识产权出版社,2016。严格来讲,该书中译本将Village-Communities译为“乡村社会”,并不准确,因为如此翻译实际在某种程度上混淆了“社会”与“社区”的微妙区别)。1887年,德国社会学家滕尼斯(Ferdinand Tönnies)出版Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft:Grundbegriffe der reinen Soziologie(此书已有中译本,即[德]斐迪南·滕尼斯:《共同体与社会》,张巍卓译,北京:商务印书馆,2019),在其中专门区分了“社会(Gesellschaft)”和“社区(Gemeinschaft,也被译为共同体)”这两种社会生活的不同基本形式,从而使得“社区”一词成为社会学中的重要概念,并产生了深远的学术影响,例如美国社会学界以罗伯特·E·帕克(Robert Ezra Park)为代表的芝加哥学派便深受此概念的影响。时至今日,“社区”已经在西方尤其是美国社会科学界得到普遍的使用,不过其具体内涵仍然莫衷一是。例如,美国社会学家罗伯特·M·麦基弗(Robert M. MacIver)在他1917年出版的Community,A Sociological Study一书中,将社区视为“任何共同生活的区域,如村庄、城镇、市区、国家,甚至更大的区域”,以区别于那个用来指称人与人之间关系的整体系统的“社会”概念;塞文·布林特(S. Brint)认为社区是“具有共同活动和(或)信念的,主要由情感、忠诚、共同价值和(或)个人感情(如相互性格和生活事件中的兴趣)关系相连接的一群人”。参见高鉴国:《社区的理论概念与研究视角》,《学习与实践》2006年第10期;夏国忠:《社区简论》,上海:上海人民出版社,2004,第15—17页。
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