1703125716

1703125717 (24)H. H. Gerth & C. Wright Mills, eds., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, New York: Oxford University Press, 1946, pp. 294－295; Max Weber, Social and Economic Organization, New York: The Free Press, 1947, pp. 130－131.

1703125718

1703125719 (25)Pierre Bourdieu, The Logic of Practice, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990, pp. 123－141; Pierre Bourdieu, “Social Space and Symbolic Power”, Sociological Theory, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1989), pp. 14－25.

1703125720

1703125721 (26)Winston W. Lo, An Introduction to the Civil Service of Sung China, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987, p. 24.

1703125722

1703125723 (27)Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865－1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986; Philip A. Kuhn, “Local Self-government under the Republic”, in Fredrick Wakeman & Carolyn Grant, eds., Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975, pp. 257－298; Chü T’ung－tsu, Local Government in China Under the Ch’ing, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962; John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972; Joseph W. Esherick & Mary Backus Rankin, Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990.

1703125724

1703125725 (28)Hsieh Pao－chao, The Government of China, 1644－1911, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1925.

1703125726

1703125727 (29)Hsiao Kung－chuan, Rural China, Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960; Chü T’ung－tsu, Local Government in China Under the Ch’ing, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962.

1703125728

1703125729 (30)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.

1703125730

1703125731 (31)Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865－1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986.

1703125732

1703125733 (32)John R. Watt, The District Magistrate in Late Imperial China, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972, p. 154.

1703125734

1703125735 (33)John R. Watt, “The Yamen and Urban Administration”, in William G. Skinner, ed., The City in Late Imperial China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1977, p. 372.

1703125736

1703125737 (34)Mary Backus Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in China, Zhejiang Province, 1865－1911, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986, pp. 19, 132.

1703125738

1703125739 (35)Prasenjit Duara, Culture, Power, and the State, Rural North China, 1900－1942, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988.

1703125740

1703125741 (36)Philip C. C. Huang, The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985.

1703125742

1703125743 (37)Philip A. Kuhn, “Local Self－government under the Republic”, in Fredrick Wakeman & Carolyn Grant, eds., Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975, pp. 257－298.

1703125744

1703125745 (38)Philip A. Kuhn, “Local Self－government under the Republic”, in Fredrick Wakeman & Carolyn Grant, eds., Conflict and Control in Late Imperial China, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975, pp. 262, 279.

1703125746

1703125747 (39)Prasenjit Duara, Culture, Power, and the State, Rural North China, 1900－1942, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988, p. 43.

1703125748

1703125749 (40)Prasenjit Duara, Culture, Power, and the State, Rural North China, 1900－1942, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988, Chapter 3.

1703125750

1703125751 (41)关于这场学术争论中各家所持的不同观点，参见Philip C. C. Huang,“‘Public Sphere’/‘Civil Society’in China?The Third Realm between State and Society”, Modern China, Vo.19, No.2(1993), pp. 251－298; William T. Rowe,“The Problem of‘Civil Society’in Late Imperial China”, Modern China, Vol.19, No.2(1993), pp. 139－157; Mary Backus Rankin,“Some Observations on a Chinese Public Sphere”, Modern China, Vol.19, No.2(1993), pp. 158－182; Frederic Evans Wakeman, Jr.,“The Civil Society and Public Sphere Debate: Western Reflection on Chinese Political Culture”, Modern China, Vol.19, No.2(1993), pp. 108－138。上述论文，均刊登在Modern China在1992年出版的第19卷第2辑《中国的“公共领域”/“市民社会”？中国研究中的范式问题》专号（The Symposium“‘Public Sphere’/‘Civil Society’in China?Paradigmatic Issues in Chinese Studies”）的第三部分。

1703125752

1703125753 (42)William T. Rowe, “The Problem of‘Civil Society’in Late Imperial China”, Modern China, Vol. 19, No. 2 (1993), pp. 139－157.

1703125754

1703125755 (43)Philip C. C. Huang, “Between Informal Mediation and Formal Adjudication: The Third Realm of Qing Justice”, Modern China, Vo. 19, No. 3 (1993), pp. 216－240; Philip C. C. Huang, “‘Public Sphere’/‘Civil Society’in China?The Third Realm between State and Society”, Modern China, Vo. 19, No. 2 (1993), pp. 251－298; Philip C. C. Huang, Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.

1703125756

1703125757 (44)Philip C. C. Huang, Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996, p. 110.

1703125758

1703125759 (45)S. N. Eisenstadt, The Political Systems of Empires, New York: The Free Press, 1963, p. 27.

1703125760

1703125761 (46)Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp. 1－2.

1703125762

1703125763 (47)译者注：在英文原书中，作者经常在相对于国家（state）、社会（society）、县衙或个人而言的不同语境中使用“community”一词。译者通常将“community”译为“社区”。

1703125764

1703125765 “community”作为一个学术概念，有学者认为最早始于英国法律史学者梅因（Henry Sumner Maine）1871年出版的Village－Communities in the East and West一书（此书已有中译本，即［英］梅因：《东西方乡村社会》，刘莉译，苗文龙校，北京：知识产权出版社，2016。严格来讲，该书中译本将Village－Communities译为“乡村社会”，并不准确，因为如此翻译实际在某种程度上混淆了“社会”与“社区”的微妙区别）。1887年，德国社会学家滕尼斯（Ferdinand Tönnies）出版Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft：Grundbegriffe der reinen Soziologie（此书已有中译本，即［德］斐迪南·滕尼斯：《共同体与社会》，张巍卓译，北京：商务印书馆，2019），在其中专门区分了“社会（Gesellschaft）”和“社区（Gemeinschaft，也被译为共同体）”这两种社会生活的不同基本形式，从而使得“社区”一词成为社会学中的重要概念，并产生了深远的学术影响，例如美国社会学界以罗伯特·E·帕克（Robert Ezra Park）为代表的芝加哥学派便深受此概念的影响。时至今日，“社区”已经在西方尤其是美国社会科学界得到普遍的使用，不过其具体内涵仍然莫衷一是。例如，美国社会学家罗伯特·M·麦基弗（Robert M. MacIver）在他1917年出版的Community，A Sociological Study一书中，将社区视为“任何共同生活的区域，如村庄、城镇、市区、国家，甚至更大的区域”，以区别于那个用来指称人与人之间关系的整体系统的“社会”概念；塞文·布林特（S. Brint）认为社区是“具有共同活动和（或）信念的，主要由情感、忠诚、共同价值和（或）个人感情（如相互性格和生活事件中的兴趣）关系相连接的一群人”。参见高鉴国：《社区的理论概念与研究视角》，《学习与实践》2006年第10期；夏国忠：《社区简论》，上海：上海人民出版社，2004，第15—17页。

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