打字猴:1.70323116e+09
1703231160
1703231161 (66)S.v.Lawrence;S.v.Negal;S.v.Solberg,(4)SA 1176,1223(South Africa 1997).
1703231162
1703231163 (67)Ibid.
1703231164
1703231165 (68)Abrahamson and Fischer,“All the World’s a Courtroom:Judging in the New Millennium,”276.
1703231166
1703231167 (69)Ibid.,285.
1703231168
1703231169 (70)Ibid.,284.
1703231170
1703231171 (71)L’Heureux-Dubé,“The Importance of Dialogue,”17.
1703231172
1703231173 (72)Smith,“The Supreme Court,”135.
1703231174
1703231175 (73)Schauer,“Incentives of Legal Transplantations,”258-259;see also L’Heureux-Dubé,“The Importance of Dialogue,”16.
1703231176
1703231177 (74)Abrahamson and Fischer,“All the World’s a Courtroom,”280.
1703231178
1703231179 (75)Ibid.,283-284.
1703231180
1703231181 (76)See,e.g.,Pratt v.Attorney General of Jamaica(1994)Z A.C.I(Jamaica 1994);Sher Singh v.State of Punjab,A.I.R.1983 S.C.465(India 1983);Catholic Commission for justice and Peace in Zimbabwe v.Attorney General I Zimb.L.R.239(S)(1993);Sog v.United Kingdom,11 Eur.Ct.H.R.(ser.A)439(Eur.Ct.H.R.1989);Kindler v.minister of Justice I S.C.R.779(Canada 1991);In re:Barren v.Jamaica(Nos.207/1988:1271/1988)(UN Human Rights Committee 1988);Knight v.Florida,528 U.S.990,995(1999).
1703231182
1703231183 (77)L’Heureux-Dubé,“The Importance of Dialogue,”37.
1703231184
1703231185 (78)南非宪法法院清楚地认可了这点。该法庭承认比较法律方法的价值所在,但又多加了一句:“我们必须谨记在心,要我们解释的是南非宪法,不是某些外国的宪法或国际文书,我们要给予我们的司法体制、我们的历史、我们的社会环境、我们自己宪法的结构和语言以应有的尊重。”见The State v.T Makwanyane and M Mchunu,Case No.CCT/3/94(South Africa,6 June 1995)at 21。
1703231186
1703231187 (79)欧洲人权公约将基本的社会和政治权利编成法典,要求其签署国“共同理解并遵守”这些权利。4 Nov.1950,213 U.N.T.S.222.虽然原来批准该条约的国家主要都是西欧国家,自从1997年以来,有四十多个国家,从冰岛到俄罗斯,都签署了这份条约,以及一项或一项以上议定书。Chart of Signatures and Ratifications of European Treaties,1 July 1996 Update,Direction des Affaires juridiques,Section des Traites.
1703231188
1703231189 (80)Chrysostomos and Others v.Turkey,App.No.15299/89,68 Eur.Corn.H.R.Dec.&.Rep.216,242(Eur.Corn.H.R.1991).
1703231190
1703231191 (81)See generally Merrills,The Development of International Law by the European court of Human Rights,18;Kay,“The European Convention on Human Rights and the Authority of Law,”218.
1703231192
1703231193 (82)Polakiewicz and Jacob-Foltzer,“The European Human Rights Convention Domestic Law:The Impact of Strasbourg Case Law in States Where Direct Effect Is given to the Convention(pt.1),”66.
1703231194
1703231195 (83)The State v.T Makwanyane and M Mchunu,Case No.CCT/3/94(South Africa 6 june 1995).
1703231196
1703231197 (84)Ncube,Tshuma and Ndhlovu v.The State(1988)2 S.Afr.L.Rep.702(citing Tyrer v.United Kingdom,26 Eur.Ct.H.R.(ser.A)(1978),2 Eur.Hum.Rts.Rep.I(1979-80);Juvenile v.The State,Judgment No.64/89,Crim.App.No.156/88(citing Tyrer and Campbell and Cosans v.United Kingdom),48 Eur,Ct.H.R.(ser.A)(1982),4 Eur.Hum.Rts.Rep.293(1982).See Hannum,“Recent Case,”768.
1703231198
1703231199 (85)H.C.5100/94,Public Committee Against Torture in Israel v.The State of Israel(6 Sept.1999),38 International Legal Materials,1471(quoting Ireland v.United Kingdom 2 Eur.Hum.Rts.Rep.25 ,18).
1703231200
1703231201 (86)Pratt & Morgan v.The Attorney General for Jamaica,Privy Council Appeal No,10,2 Nov.1993,reprinted in 14 Hum.Rts.L.J.338(1993).如果要看案件的讨论,参见Buergenthal,“International Tribunals and National Courts:The Internationalization of Domestic Adjudication,”689-691.The Soering decision,ECHR,Judgment of 7 July 1989,11 Hum.Rts.L.J.335(1990).在这一案件中,英国法院发现将拘留在英国的一名犯人引渡到美国的一个州,将使他面临死刑,这违反了欧洲人权公约第三款。见Jarmul,“Effects of Decisions of Regional Human Rights Tribunals on National Courts,”281-283。
1703231202
1703231203 (87)Merrills,Development of International Law,19.
1703231204
1703231205 (88)Attanasio,“Rapporteur’s Overview and Conclusions:of Sovereignty,Globalization,and Courts,”383.欧洲之外的超国家人权法院也开始在各国法庭中发展追随者,但是大多进展缓慢。在1992年,阿根廷最高法院推翻了一项低级法院的裁决,该裁决援引了美洲国家人权法院的意见。Ekmekdijan v.Sofovich(1992-III)J.A.199(1992)(原告声称他被非法剥夺了向一个电视节目做回复的权利,该节目被指控道德败坏,对其本人造成损害。)对这个案件的讨论,见Jarmul,“Effects of Decisions,”258-59。
1703231206
1703231207 (89)南非宪法第39节要求南非法庭(在裁决时)要考虑到国际法(条款)。在中东欧新民主国家中,许多新开创的或者重新修订过的宪法也将国际法容纳到国内法律之中。Vereschetin,“The Relationship between International Law and National Law,”40-41.澳大利亚最高法院大法官M.D.Kirby也说,在许多普通法国家,许多国内法庭也习以为常地援引自己国家所签署的国际条约作为法源。Kirby,“The Role of the Judge in Advancing Human Rights by Reference to International Human Rights Norms,”515.  但我们要看到,这些宪法中规定的要求并不是要国内法庭以外国法庭的裁决为准。国内法庭也能自己对相关国际条约进行解释。Kirby注意到,普通法法庭对国际条约的援引最近在政治上备受争议,但是“围绕着这些条约发展出来的判例正在日益增多”,这使得法官和律师很难忽视之。Kirby,“The Role of the Judge,”515.
1703231208
1703231209 (90)Benvenisti,“The Influence of International Human Rights Law on the Israeli Legal System:Present and Future,”147-148,151.
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