打字猴:1.703233367e+09
1703233367
1703233368 (60)Loucks v.Standard Oil Co.,120 N.E.198,201(N.Y.1918).
1703233369
1703233370 (61)宪法要求每个州都给予彼此之间的法案条款以充分的信任与尊重。U.S.CONST.art.IV,§1,cl.1.这是联邦主义将各州融合到一个更大的政体之中的基本手段。
1703233371
1703233372 (62)Laker Airways Ltd.V.Sabena,Belgian World Airlines 731 F.2d 909(D.C.Cir.1984).
1703233373
1703233374 (63)In re Matter of Oil Spill by the Amoco Cadiz Off the Coast of France on 16 March 1978,954 F.2d 1279,1312-1313(7th Cir.1992)(per curiam).The Chevron doctrine was set forth in Chevron U.S.A.inc.v.Natural Resources Defence Council,Inc.,467 U.S.837,844(1984)(它主张,“法庭不能用政府行政人员的合理解释来代替一个法律条款自身的解释。我们早就认识到,应该给予行政部门对它有权解释的那部分法律体系的看法以相当的重视。”)
1703233375
1703233376 (64)Omron Healthcare,Inc.v.Maclaren Exports Ltd.,28 F.3d 600,604(7th Cir.1994).
1703233377
1703233378 (65)Kalypso Nicola?dis,“Mutual Recognition of Regulatory Regimes:Some Lessons and Prospects,”(Jean Monnet Working Paper No.97/7,New York University School of Law,Jean Monnet Center,1997),on Jean Monnet Program homepage(cited 1 July 2003);available from http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/97/97-07.html.
1703233379
1703233380 (66)在1979年的Cassis de Dijon案件判决中,德国当局被要求尊重法国的酒精标准,在这之后,欧盟委员会公布了“相互信任”原则:如果一种商品在某一国家允许销售的话,其他国家应该对第一个国家的判断抱有信心,也允许这种商品的销售。Case 120/78,Rewe-Zentral AG v.Bundesmonopolverwaltung fur Branntwein,E.C.R.649(1979).这一概念对建设一体化内部市场起到了非常大的促进作用。它已经被应用到教育文凭也要相互承认,因此一个欧盟国家的专业人才现在可以很自由地到另外一国实习,而无需重复接受教育。Council Directive 75/362,1975 O.J.(L 167/1);Council Directive 89/48,1989 O.J.(L 19/16).另外,这也被应用到银行监管中,外国银行的分行现在并不是由所在国进行监督,而是由主行所在国当局或是母国来进行监督。这一方法反映了每个欧盟国家都给予别国银行监管能力以相当高程度的“相互信任”。See Second Council Directive 89/646 on credit institutions,1989 O.J.(L 386/1).
1703233381
1703233382 (67)159 U.S.113,163-164(1895).
1703233383
1703233384 (68)从美国诉阿尔肯铝业有限公司的案件开始(阿尔肯铝业有限公司是一家加拿大公司——译者注),《谢尔曼法案》对于能对美国贸易与商业产生直接的、实质性的并且可预见效果的外国行为体也适用。148 F.2d 416,440-445(2d Cir.1945)。这一管辖权带来的直接后果是造成了美国与其他国家关系的紧张,其他国家认为美国没有权力对既不在美国,且其行为也在美国领土之外的人实施管辖权。那些国家与利益受到美国反垄断法影响的政府,提出了外交抗议与非当事人意见陈述,拒绝提供援助,实施国家保密法律,并且逐渐开始通过一些旨在挫败美国反垄断法执行的阻塞型法律。Waller,“National Laws and International Markets;Strategies of Cooperation and Harmonization in the Enforcement of Competition Law,”1113-1114;see also Paul,“Comity in International Law,”32;Griffin,“EC and U.S.Extraterritoriality:Activism and Cooperation,”377.
1703233385
1703233386 (69)Waller,“The Internationalization of Antitrust Enforcement,”375.到1988年,司法部声明它只会反对国外那些直接伤害美国消费者的反竞争行为。Shank,“The Justice Department’s Recent Antitrust Enforcement Policy:Toward A ‘Positive Comity’Solution to International Competition Problem?”165.
1703233387
1703233388 (70)Charles F.Rule,“European Communities-United States Agreement on the Application of their Competition Laws Introductory Note,”1487,1488.美国与德国在1976年签署了一个相似的协议。See Snell,“Controlling Restrictive Business Practices in Global Markets:Reflections on the Concepts of Sovereignty,Fairness,and Comity,”234.
1703233389
1703233390 (71)自从签署了1984年协议之后,再报道加拿大联邦阻塞性法律就没有用。See Waller,“The Internationalization of Antitrust Enforcement,”368.
1703233391
1703233392 (72)在过去的五年里,美国与加拿大反垄断机构之间展开合作共同起诉过传真纸与塑料餐具。See Stark,“International Antitrust Cooperation in NAFTA:The International Antitrust Assistance Act of 1994,”171-172.
1703233393
1703233394 (73)Nina Hachigian,“Essential Mutual Assistance in International Antitrust Enforcement,”138.反垄断合作已经发展为多边规模了。经合组织(OECD)在国家竞争性政策方面的官员中定期举办协商会议,并且起草了一份关于反垄断合作的建议案,鼓励“在自愿的基础上进行通告、信息交流、协调行动、咨询协商与调解。”See Waller,“The Internationalization of Antitrust Enforcement,”362-363.引用“Revised Recommendation of the Council Concerning Co-operation Between Member Countries on Anticompetitive Practices Affecting International Trade,”International Legal Materials 35(1996):1315-1317.最近,号称“国际反垄断法规工作组”的十二人专家小组提出建议:采用一套国际反垄断法规作为关贸总协定之下的多边贸易协定。根据这套法规,会成立一个国际反垄断当局,它由一位主席和一个国际反垄断理事会组成,以确保签约各方遵守法规。See Shank,“The Justice Department’s Recent Antitrust Enforcement Policy,”186.
1703233395
1703233396 (74)See “Agreement Regarding the Application of Competition Laws,23 Sept.1991,E.C.-U.S.,”International Legal Materials 30(1991):1491.
1703233397
1703233398 (75)Ibid.,1056-1059.
1703233399
1703233400 (76)See Griffin,“EC and U.S.Extraterritoriality,”376.
1703233401
1703233402 (77)Atwood,“Positive Comity — Is It a Positive Step?”,84.
1703233403
1703233404 (78)See Rule,“European Communities-United States Agreement,”1488.
1703233405
1703233406 (79)See Atwood,“Positive Comity — Is It a Positive Step?”84.
1703233407
1703233408 (80)See Rule,“European Communities-United States Agreement,”1487.
1703233409
1703233410 (81)Griffin,“EC/U.S.Antitrust Cooperation Agreement:Impact on Transnational Business,”1063.
1703233411
1703233412 (82)See generally Klein and Bansal,“International Antitrust Enforcement in the Computer Industry,”179.
1703233413
1703233414 (83)See Rule,“European Communities-United States Agreement,”1490.这一效率的提高也证明它对商业本身是有吸引力的。在美国诉微软公司案件中,当意识到美国司法部与欧洲委员会都在调查它的授权行为时,微软公司同意在美国反垄断法规定之下放弃它的保密权,允许美欧当局交换一些机密信息。See Shank,“The Justice Department’s Recent Antitrust Enforcement Policy,”179.
1703233415
1703233416 (84)Janow,“Transatlantic Cooperation on Competition Policy,”51.
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