1703240650

1703240651 [2]“Statement of President Barack Obama on Egypt,”February10,2011,The White House,https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2011/02/10/statement-president-barack-obama-egypt.

1703240652

1703240653 [3]UN Security Council,Resolution1973,March17,2011,http://www.undocs.org/S/RES/1973(2011).

1703240654

1703240655 [4]The phrase“leading from behind”was first articulated by an unnamed Obama-administration official in Ryan Lizza,“The Consequentialist:How the Arab Spring Remade Obama’s Foreign Policy,”The New Yorker,May2,2011,http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/05/02/the-consequentialist.

1703240656

1703240657 [5]See Alan J.Kuperman,“Obama’s Libya Debacle:How a Well Meaning Intervention Ended in Failure,”Foreign Affairs94,no.2(March/April2015),https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/libya/obamas-libya-debacle.For an account of decision-making,see Jo Becker and Scott Shane,“Hillary Clinton,‘Smart Power’and a Dictator’s Fall,”The New York Times,February27,2016,http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/us/politics/hillary-clinton-libya.html.

1703240658

1703240659 [6]Jeffrey Goldberg,“The Obama Doctrine,”The Atlantic,April2016,http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obamadoctrine/471525/.

1703240660

1703240661 [7]“Statement by President Obama on Syria,”August18,2011,from Macon Phillips,“President Obama:‘The future of Syria must be determined by its people,but President Bashar al-Assad is standing in their way,’”White House Blog,August18,2011,https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/08/18/president-obama-future-syriamust-be-determined-its-people-president-bashar-al-assad.

1703240662

1703240663 [8]Barack Obama,“Remarks by the President to the White House Press Corps,”(speech,Washington,DC,August20,2012),The White House,https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2012/08/20/remarks-president-white-house-press-corps.

1703240664

1703240665 [9]Barack Obama,“Statement by the President on Syria,”(speech,Washington,DC,August31,2013),The White House,https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/31/statement-president-syria.

1703240666

1703240667 [10]“Framework for Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons,”September14,2013,U.S.Department of State,http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/09/214247.htm.

1703240668

1703240669 [11]Goldberg,“The Obama Doctrine.”

1703240670

1703240671 [12]John F.Kennedy(speech,Americans for Democratic Action Convention,Washington,DC,May12,1961),quoted in“Times Call for Liberal Action,Says Kennedy,”Lodi News-Sentinel,May13,1961,https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QOgzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=g4HAAAAIBAJ&dq=americans+for+democratic+action&pg=7056,2944411&hl=en.

1703240672

1703240673 [13]Vladimir Putin,“70th Session of the UN General Assembly,”(speech,New York,September28,2015),President of Russia,http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50385.

1703240674

1703240675 [14]See Richard N.Haass,The Reluctant Sheriff:The United States After the Cold War(New York:Council on Foreign Relations Press,1998).Barack Obama clearly belongs to the category of presidents who favored retrenchment over the expansion of US power.See Steven Sestanovich,Maximalist:America in the World From Truman to Obama(New York:Knopf,2014),especially chap.12.

1703240676

1703240677 [15]UN Security Council,Resolution2254,December18,2015,http://www.undocs.org/S/RES/2254(2015).

1703240678

1703240679 [16]“Joint Statement of the United States and the Russian Federation,as Co-Chairs of the ISSG,on Cessation of Hostilities in Syria,”February22,2016,U.S.Department of State,http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/02/253115.htm.

1703240680

1703240681 [17]Adel Al-Jubeir,interview by Christiane Amanpour,Amanpour.,CNN,February19,2016,http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1602/19/ampr.01.html.

1703240682

1703240683 [18]James A.Baker III et al.,The Iraq Study Group Report:The Way Forward,A New Approach(December6,2006),http://bakerinstitute.org/media/files/Research/88085bb4/iraqstudygroup findings.pdf.

1703240684

1703240685 [19]See George W.Bush,“President’s Address to the Nation,”(speech,Washington,DC,January10,2007),George W.Bush White House https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/01/20070110-7.html;and“Fact Sheet:The New Way Forward in Iraq,”January10,2007,George W.Bush White House,https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/01/20070110-3.html.See also,Bush,Decision Points,chap.12.

1703240686

1703240687 [20]“Agreement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Iraq On the Withdrawal of United States Forces from Iraq and the Organization of Their Activities during Their Temporary Presence in Iraq,”December14,2008,U.S.Department of State,http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/122074.pdf.

1703240688

1703240689 [21]Barack Obama,“Remarks of President Barack Obama-Responsibly Ending the War in Iraq,”(speech,Camp Lejeune,Jacksonville,NC,February27,2009),The White House,https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-barack-obama-ndash-responsibly-ending-war-iraq.

1703240690

1703240691 [22]Emma Sky,The Unraveling:High Hopes and Missed Opportunities in Iraq(New York:Public Affairs,2015).

1703240692

1703240693 [23]There is no end to the literature that examines foreign policy decision-making.Some of the best books include Richard Neustadt and Ernest May,Thinking In Time:The Uses of History for Decision-Makers(New York:Free Press,1986);Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow,Essence of Decision:Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis(Boston:Addison Wesley,1999);Morton H.Halperin and Priscilla A.Clapp with Arnold Kanter,Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy,2nd ed.(Washington,DC:Brookings Institution Press,2006);and Gordon Goldstein,Lessons in Disaster:McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam(New York:Times Books,2008).On the role and functioning of the National Security Council under different presidents,see Ivo H.Daalder and I.M.Destler,In the Shadow of the Oval Office:Profiles of the National Security Advisors and the Presidents They Served—From JFK to George W.Bush(New York:Simon and Schuster,2009).For insider accounts of the dynamics of the George H.W.Bush administration,see the memoirs of Bush and Scowcroft,A World Transformed;Baker,The Politics of Diplomacy;and Haass,War of Necessity,War of Choice.For the Clinton administration,see Madeleine Albright,Madame Secretary(New York:Miramax,2003);and Bob Woodward,The Agenda:Inside the Clinton White House(New York:Simon and Schuster,1994).For the George W.Bush administration,see Bush,Decision Points;Condoleezza Rice,No Higher Honor(New York:Random House,2011);and Robert M.Gates,Duty:Memoirs of a Secretary at War(New York:Knopf,2014).For the Obama administration,see Gates,Duty;Hillary Rodham Clinton,Hard Choices(New York:Simon and Schuster,2014);Leon Panetta,Worthy Fights:A Memoir of Leadership in War and Peace(New York:Penguin,2014);Vali Nasr,The Dispensable Nation:American Foreign Policy in Retreat(New York:Doubleday,2013);and David Samuels,“The Aspiring Novelist Who Became Obama’s ForeignPolicy Guru,”New York Times Magazine,May5,2016,http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/08/magazine/the-aspiring-novelistwho-became-obamas-foreign-policy-guru.html.

1703240694

1703240695 [24]Hillary Clinton,“America’s Pacific Century,”Foreign Policy,October11,2011,http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/11/americas_pacific century;Tom Donilon,_“America is Back in the Pacific and Will Uphold the Rules,”Financial Times,November27,2011,http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4f3febac-1761-11e1-b00e-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1lvbgzfyEc;President Barack Obama,The White House,“Remarks By President Obama to the Australian Parliament,”(speech,Canberra,Australia,November17,2011),http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/17/remarkspresident-obama-australian-parliament.

1703240696

1703240697 [25]“Trans-Pacific Partnership,”Office of the U.S.Trade Representative,https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/transpacific-partnership/tpp-full-text.

1703240698

1703240699 [26]See Zheng Bijian,China’s Peaceful Rise:Speeches of Zheng Bijian,1997-2005(Washington,DC:Brookings Institution Press,2005).Also see Thomas J.Christensen,The China Challenge:Shaping the Choices of a Rising Power(New York:Norton,2015).

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