打字猴:1.70327619e+09
1703276190 [217]对“Verstehen”这个概念的经典理解,可参见Max Weber,Economy and Society. Edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Witich. Berkeley: University of California Press,1922/1978,pp.8—9。
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1703276192 [218]摩西·门德尔松在1780年6月写给赫德尔的信件,参见H. Düntzer and F. G. v. Herder,Aus Herders Nachlass. Frankfurt am Main: Meidinger,1856,2: 216. Quoted and translated in Barnard,1988,p.259。
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1703276194 [219]Robert T. Clark,Herder: His Life and Thought. Berkeley: University of California Press,1955,p.193.
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1703276196 [220]类似的将赫德尔看做一个相对主义者的观点,参见Clark,1955,p.320;Frederick C. Beiser,The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte. Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press,1987,pp.142—143;Arthur O. Lovejoy,Essays in the History of Ideas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press,1948,p.172。对这种观点的驳斥,可参见Berlin,1990,p.76;Barnard,2003,p.103。
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1703276198 [221]类似论证的更近期的版本,参见Blackburn,2000,pp.283—284。
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1703276200 [222]Berlin,1990,p.79.
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1703276202 [223]A. Gillies,Herder. Oxford: Basil Blackwell,1945,p.92.
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1703276204 [224]Barnard,1965,p.88,p.92.
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1703276206 [225]Muthu,2003,p.243.
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1703276208 [226]Rawls,Political Liberalism. Revised Paperback Edition. New York: Columbia University Press,1993/1996,especially pp.51.
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1703276210 第七章
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1703276212 [227]Mark H. Davis,Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach. Boulder,Colo.: Westview Press,1996,pp.3—4;Lauren Wispé,The Psychology of Sympathy. New York: Plenum Press,1991,pp.1—17;C. Daniel Batson,The Altruism Question: Towards a Social Psychological Answer. Hillsdale,N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1991,pp.29—32;Martin L. Hoffman,Empathy Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice. New York: Cambridge University Press,2000,pp.2—3,245—246.
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1703276214 [228]对这项研究的总结,见Davis,1996,pp.116—118;Hoffman,2000,pp.206—209。
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1703276216 [229]Davis,1996,p.112.
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1703276218 [230]对“共情—利他假设”(empathy-altruism hypothesis)的辩护,见Batson,1991。
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1703276220 [231]关于镜像神经元的研究总结,参见Marco Iacoboni,Mirroring People: The New Science of How We Connect with Others. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux,2008。
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1703276222 [232]双模式心理研究的广泛讨论,参见Shelly Chaiken and Yaacov Trope,Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology. New York: Guilford,1999。
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1703276224 [233]Hoffman,2000,pp.36—62.
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1703276226 [234]Lawrence Kohlberg,The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages. Vol. 2 of Essays on Moral Development. San Francisco: Harper and Row,1984,p.176.
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1703276228 [235]在我的教学中,我常常和学生玩这个游戏,不过后来我发现贝尔也在她的伦理学课上将这项任务布置为学生的期末考试试题。贝尔和她的学生,还有我都一致同意将休谟划分为第三阶段。(Annette C. Baier,Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics. Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press,1995)
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1703276230 [236]Kohlberg,1984,pp.174—175。科尔伯格承认亚当·斯密“为道德心理学的第三阶段因素提供了绝妙的阐述”,虽然他拒绝将亚当·斯密划归第三阶段。(Kohlberg,The Philosophy of Moral Development: Moral Stages and the Idea of Justice. Vol. 1 of Essays on Moral Development. San Francisco: Harper and Row,1981,p.150)
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1703276232 [237]Carol Gilligan,In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press,1982/1993.
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1703276234 [238]Baier,1995,chapter 4;Nel Noddings,Caring: A Feminist Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkley: University of California Press,1984,p.79;Joan C. Tronto,Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care. New York: Routledge,1993,p.20.
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1703276236 [239]Gilligan,1982/1993,p.2.
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1703276238 [240]苏珊·M.奥金总结了80年代在这个问题上的许多研究,她总结道:“关于女人和男人在思考道德问题的差异(至少目前)并不明显;到底这样所谓差异的原因是什么也不甚明朗。”(Susan Moller Okin,Justice Gender and the Family. New York: Basic Books,1989,p.15)其余的一些质疑吉利甘的经验性研究的总结,参见Tronto,1993,pp.82—85。
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