1703276200
[222]Berlin,1990,p.79.
1703276201
1703276202
[223]A. Gillies,Herder. Oxford: Basil Blackwell,1945,p.92.
1703276203
1703276204
[224]Barnard,1965,p.88,p.92.
1703276205
1703276206
[225]Muthu,2003,p.243.
1703276207
1703276208
[226]Rawls,Political Liberalism. Revised Paperback Edition. New York: Columbia University Press,1993/1996,especially pp.51.
1703276209
1703276210
第七章
1703276211
1703276212
[227]Mark H. Davis,Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach. Boulder,Colo.: Westview Press,1996,pp.3—4;Lauren Wispé,The Psychology of Sympathy. New York: Plenum Press,1991,pp.1—17;C. Daniel Batson,The Altruism Question: Towards a Social Psychological Answer. Hillsdale,N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1991,pp.29—32;Martin L. Hoffman,Empathy Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice. New York: Cambridge University Press,2000,pp.2—3,245—246.
1703276213
1703276214
[228]对这项研究的总结,见Davis,1996,pp.116—118;Hoffman,2000,pp.206—209。
1703276215
1703276216
[229]Davis,1996,p.112.
1703276217
1703276218
[230]对“共情—利他假设”(empathy-altruism hypothesis)的辩护,见Batson,1991。
1703276219
1703276220
[231]关于镜像神经元的研究总结,参见Marco Iacoboni,Mirroring People: The New Science of How We Connect with Others. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux,2008。
1703276221
1703276222
[232]双模式心理研究的广泛讨论,参见Shelly Chaiken and Yaacov Trope,Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology. New York: Guilford,1999。
1703276223
1703276224
[233]Hoffman,2000,pp.36—62.
1703276225
1703276226
[234]Lawrence Kohlberg,The Psychology of Moral Development: The Nature and Validity of Moral Stages. Vol. 2 of Essays on Moral Development. San Francisco: Harper and Row,1984,p.176.
1703276227
1703276228
[235]在我的教学中,我常常和学生玩这个游戏,不过后来我发现贝尔也在她的伦理学课上将这项任务布置为学生的期末考试试题。贝尔和她的学生,还有我都一致同意将休谟划分为第三阶段。(Annette C. Baier,Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics. Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press,1995)
1703276229
1703276230
[236]Kohlberg,1984,pp.174—175。科尔伯格承认亚当·斯密“为道德心理学的第三阶段因素提供了绝妙的阐述”,虽然他拒绝将亚当·斯密划归第三阶段。(Kohlberg,The Philosophy of Moral Development: Moral Stages and the Idea of Justice. Vol. 1 of Essays on Moral Development. San Francisco: Harper and Row,1981,p.150)
1703276231
1703276232
[237]Carol Gilligan,In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press,1982/1993.
1703276233
1703276234
[238]Baier,1995,chapter 4;Nel Noddings,Caring: A Feminist Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkley: University of California Press,1984,p.79;Joan C. Tronto,Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care. New York: Routledge,1993,p.20.
1703276235
1703276236
[239]Gilligan,1982/1993,p.2.
1703276237
1703276238
[240]苏珊·M.奥金总结了80年代在这个问题上的许多研究,她总结道:“关于女人和男人在思考道德问题的差异(至少目前)并不明显;到底这样所谓差异的原因是什么也不甚明朗。”(Susan Moller Okin,Justice Gender and the Family. New York: Basic Books,1989,p.15)其余的一些质疑吉利甘的经验性研究的总结,参见Tronto,1993,pp.82—85。
1703276239
1703276240
[241]Hoffman,2001,pp.250—270.
1703276241
1703276242
[242]对这些文本的总结和综合的建议,见Steven L. Blader and Tom R. Tyler,“Justice and Empathy: What Motivates People to Help Others?” In Michael Ross and Dales T. Miller,eds.,The Justice Motive in Everyday Life. New York: Cambridge University Press,2002,pp.226—250。
1703276243
1703276244
[243]双过程认知模式的低级方式的第一个重要研究,见R.B. Zajonc,“Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences”,American Psychologist 35(1980),pp.151—175。关于无意识启发性研究经典论文集,参见Daniel Kahneman,Paul Slovic,Amos Tversky,eds.,Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heurestics and Biases. New York: Cambridge University Press,1982。更近一些的广泛研究,见Thomas Gilovich,Dale Griffin,Daniel Kahneman,eds.,Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. New York: Cambridge University Press,2002。后一卷中,尤其可参考Paul Slovic,Melissa Finucane,Ellen Peters,Donald G. MacGregor,“The Affect Heuristic”,pp.397—420。
1703276245
1703276246
[244]Jonathan Haidt,“The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment”,Psychological Review 108,2001,pp.814—834。另外请参见Haidt and Fredrik Bjorklund,“Social Intuitionists Answer Six Questions about Moral Psychology”,in Sinnott-Armstrong,ed.,2008,pp.181—218。
1703276247
1703276248
[245]参见Hauser,2006,另见Hauser,Young,Cushman,2008。同时,本书第一章的类似批判也可以对哈奇森和豪泽适用。
1703276249
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.7032762e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]