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我有一个梦,那就是有一天在乔治亚州的红色丘陵上,奴隶的后代与奴隶主的后代将会环坐在兄弟相爱的桌前。
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我有一个梦,有朝一日甚至连密西西比州,这个如今仍在不公和压迫的酷热中的沙漠之州,会转化成自由与公义的绿洲。
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我有一个梦,我的四个孩子有一天会生活在这样一个国家:不是根据他们的肤色而是根据他们的品德与性格来评判他们。[16]
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在民权运动之后的半个多世纪以来,一方面以身份认同为基础的政治活动蓬勃发展,从最初的争取性别平等、种族平等,发展到争取性向平等、语言平等、生活方式平等,这些政治活动从根本上不断改写着人类对于平等权利的书写和对于个体尊严的追寻。但另一方面,以宗教、种族等身份认同为基础的极端主义、恐怖主义组织和他们所发动的反人类暴力活动也日益挑战人类文明的底线,成为全世界爱好和平与自由的人们的共同敌人。身份政治,必将是21世纪人类社会所需要面对的最重要的共同议题之一。
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[1] Friedrich Nietzsche,On the Genealogy of Morals,London:Penguin Books,2013,p.3.
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[2] R.R.Anspach,“From Stigma to Identity Politics:Political Activism among the Physically Disabled and Former Mental Patients,” Social Science & Medicine.Part A:Medical Psychology & Medical Sociology,13,pp.765-773.对身份政治概念的回顾,参见 M.Bernstein,“Identity Politics,”Annual Review of Sociology (2005),pp.47-74。
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[3] Wendy Brown,States of Injury:Power and Freedom in Late Modernity,Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1995.
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[4] C.Heyes,“Identity Politics,”The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2014Winter).Retrieved February28,2015,from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/identity-politics.
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[5] Brown,States of Injury:Power and Freedom in Late Modernity,Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1995;S.M.Wildman,Privilege Revealed:How Invisible Preference Undermines America,New York:New York University Press,1996;I.M.Young,Justice and the Politics of Difference,Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1990.
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[6] Bernstein,“Identity Politics”,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2014Winter).Retrieved February28,2015,from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/identity-politics.
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[7] Brown,States of Injury:Power and Freedom in Late Modernity,Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1995.
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[8] T.Spragens,“Identity Politics and the Liberalism of Difference:Missing the BigPicture,”Responsive Community,9(1999):12-25.
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[9] T.Gitlin,“From Universality to Difference:Notes on the Fragmentation of the Idea of the Left,”in Social Theory and the Politics of Identity,edited by Craig Calhoun (Cambridge,MA:Blackwell Publishers,1994),pp.150-174;David Harvey,Justice,Nature and the Geography of Difference,Cambridge,MA:Blackwell,1996;L.A.Kauffman,“The Antipolitics of Identity,”Socialist Review,20(1) (1990):67-80.
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[10] S.Bickford,“Anti-Anti-Identity Politics:Feminism,Democracy,and theComplexities of Citizenship,”Hypatia,12(4) (1997):111-131.
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[11] K.A.Cerulo,“Identity Construction:New Issues,New Directions,”Annual Review of Sociology (1997),pp.385-409;F.Polletta and J.M.Jasper,“Collective Identity and Social Movements,”Annual Review of Sociology (2001),pp.283-305.
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[12] M.Bernstein,“Celebration and Suppression:The Strategic Uses of Identity by the Lesbian and Gay Movement,”American Journal of Sociology,103(3) (1997):531-565.
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[13] Calhoun,Social Theory and the Politics of Identity;Bernstein,“Identity Politics”,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2014Winter).Retrieved February28,2015,from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/identity-politics.
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[14] Amy Chua,Day of Empire:How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance—And Why They Fall,New York:Anchor Books,2009.
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[15] Rosa Parks and James Haskins,Rosa Parks:My Story,New York:Dial Books,1992,p.116.
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[16] 中文译文参考以下译本:钱满素选编:《我有一个梦想》,载《世界散文随笔精品文库:美国卷》,中国社会科学出版社1993年版,第330—334页;裴孝贤编著:《美国历史文献选集》,今日世界出版社1987年版,第180—185页。
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