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1703334171
22.Andriesse, 1988.
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23.Smil, 2010, 83; R. Allen, 2013; Oram, 2013. Wrigley (1990, 59) 并不看好泥炭的能量密度，认为其在相同重量情况下，能量只有煤炭的1/2。
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24.Van Dam, 2001.
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25.De Vries and van der Woude, 1997, 38.
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26.Van Dam, 2001.
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1703334181
27.Davids, 2008.
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28.Brenner, 1976.
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29.Brenner, 2001.
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30.Zeeuw, 1978; De Vries and van der Woude, 1997, 182.
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31.Smil, 2010, 83.
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32.De Vries and van der Woude, 1997; van Dam, 2001.
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33.De Vries and van der Woude, 1997, 199–200.
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34.Wallerstein, 1974, 121–22.
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35.Topolski, 1962; Moore 2010b.
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36.Davids, 2008, 239, 408–9.
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37.Van der Woude, 2003.
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38.De Vries and van der Woude, 1997, 37.
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39.Van der Woude, 2003.
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40.Unger, 1984, 245–46.
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41.Van der Woude, 2003, 75.
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42.Van Zanden, 1993, 172, cited in Davids, 2008, 18.
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43.De Vries and van der Woude, 1997, ch. 12.
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44.Ibid., 631.
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45.Nef, 1934; De Vries and van der Woude, 1997, 37–40.
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46.Nef, 1964是早期工业化的典型描述。也可参见：Moore, 2016, 78–115; 2017a。
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